Water Analysis on Covered and Open Well

Water Analysis on Covered and Open Well

Chapter One

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

AIMS

To develop an integrated portable water system, using existing technology to effectively treat and store water from than one source.
To develop a method of allowing NGOs to accurately make problems in water treatment to this correct solution.
To present improved ways in which this technology can be replicated.

OBJECTIVES

Research the system currently used b NGO’s and identifies ways in which they could be combined to produce a more effective solution.
Analysis the adjusted system which regard to cost, efficiency and social implications.
Criticize the technical design manuals currently used by NGO’s and suggest options for improvement.
Identify areas of expertise required to install on intermediate portable water system through experiments with volunteers of various technical experiments with volunteers of various technical ability.
Explore the possibility of developing a selection tool that will allow the user to refine decision of a water supply on treatment solution.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE PERVEIW OF WATER ANALYSIS

According to E.O Akindele and I.F Adeniyi, study of the physical chemical water quality, hydrology and zooplankton fauna of Opa reservoir catchments area, Ile-Ife, Nigeria on may 2013 reported that air temperature ranged from 25.0 to 36.0oc, while water temperature from 52.0 to 874.3 pt. co and 8.8 to 355.0 pt. co respectively.

For the general chemical characteristic of water quality; it PH range from 7 to 210 my caco3l-1 solids ranged from 40 to 300mg l^-1respectively, while total dissolved solids ranged from 40 to 300

For major ions, calcium and magnesium ranged from 2.4 to 34.8 mg l-I and 0.5 to 27.5 mg l-I respectively. Sodium ranged from 5.62 to 11.45mgl-1 Also

According to MR. Mahananda .et.al, study on the plays co-chemical analysis of surface and groundwater of bargain district of dug well ranged from a minimum of 26.02 + 0.33oc to a maximum of 28.48 + 0.05oc/ while PH of dug well water ranged from a minimum of 6.72+0.68 to a maximum of 7.55+0.50 respectively. Total dissolved sound (TDs) of dug well water ranged from a minimum of 100.91+12.14mg/lit to a maximum of 120.78+0.40mg/lit, Alkalinity of dug well water ranged from a minimum of 11.75+1.96mg/lit respectively. While dissolve oxygen (DO) of dug well water ranged from a minimum of 4.8+0.7mg/lit to a maximum of 6.30+0.17mg/lit, while for bore well water ranged from a minimum of 6.30+0.17mg/lit, while to a maximum of 5.74+0.52mg/lit

For major ion, Nitrate, the variation in nitrate content dug well water ranged from a minimum of 1.14+0.73mg/lit to a maximum of 6.65+0.53mig/lit chloride content of drug well water and bore well water. The chloride of dug well water ranges from a minimum of 1.99± 0.73mg/lit to maximum of 3.3± 0.81mg/lit. The chloride content for bore well water ranged from minimum of 1.49± 0.34mg/lit to a maximum of 3.66± 0.36mg.lit, sodium content of drug well range from a minimum of 0.88± 0.02mg/lit to maximum of 2.0± 0.19mg/lit. While sodium content of bore well ranged from a minimum of 0.85± 0.07mg/lit to a maximum of 2.43± 0.47mg/lit.

According to I.C Akan, et.al study on physicochemical determination of pollutants in water and vegetable samples along the Jakara waste water channel Kano metropolis, Kano state, Nigeria in the year 2008, reported that levels of PH varied between 9.94± 1.32 and 8.94± 2.03 for point N1 and N2, and 10.34± 1.43 to 9.54± 0.54 for point N3 in the waste respectively.

CHAPTER THREE

SAMPLE COLLECTION

Water samples of cover well were collected from famuni and from Bade town in the local government of kaiama, in Kwara state, Nigeria, while uncovered well water samples were collected from Zango area, in Bani town and from kango town in the local government of Kaiama in Kwara state, Nigeria.

REAGENT USED

Sodium carbonate, cone. H₂04, Bromocresol, ammonium chloride hydroxide, magnesium salt of EDTA, Ethanol Methanol Erichrome black T, Calcium carbonate, methyl red, magnesium Nitrate sulphuric acid, potassium Nitrate.

APPARATUS USED.

Burette, volumetric flasks, conical flasks, beakers, wire gauze, glass stirrer, filter paper, pipettes, measuring cylinder, test tube funnels, burner, water bath , mortar and pestle, crucible, retort stand.

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT

Summary of result of water sample are written below

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION

The general descriptive statistics of open well and covered well water parameters of Famuni and Bade town are given above. The temperature of open well ranged form 25⁰C to 36⁰C while covered well ranged form 24⁰C to 37⁰C. For general characteristics of water quantity, PH of open well is 6.3, while covered well is 6.4, while alkalinity for covered well is 30mg/L and open well 24mg/L is total hardness is 91.2mg/L for covered well and 212. 9mg/L or open well.

For major ions, chloride for covered well is 39.05 mg/L open well for chloride is 19.8mg/L, while Sulphate is covered well 2.129Abs and open well 1.867Abs nitrate is 0.184Abs and the heavy metal in cadmium 0.489mg/L (cover well) and 0.516 mg/L (open well), copper 0.032 mg/L (covered well)and 0.028 mg/L (open well), lead 0.061 mg/L (covered well) and 0.068 mg/L (open well), iron 0.555 mg/L (covered well) and 0.551 mg/L (open well), zinc 0.007 mg/L (covered well) and 0.009 mg/L (open well). The result of PH was found to be 6.3 and 6.4 which is inline with the standard value of the (NDWS) National Drinking water standard, but not correlate with the result gotten from analysis of water by A.M Odukoya et al 2010). Temperature of the water is 24⁰C to 37⁰C of covered well and 25⁰C to 36⁰C for open well which slightly inline with the temperature of maximum ranged result gotten from analysis of a study of the physio-chemical water quality of Opa Reservoir catchments area, Ile-Ife (2013).

Alkalinity of the water is 30mg/L and 24mg/L, which is correlate with the result gotten from analysis of a study of the physio-chemical water quantity, of Opa reservoir catchments area, Ile-Ife (012). Dissolve oxygen of the water is 0.00858 cm³and 0.001014cm³ which is not inline with the standard value of the (NDWS). Total hardness of the water was 91.2Mg/L for covered well and 212.8Mg/L for open well which is inline with the result gotten from analysis of chloride was 39.05mg/L and 19.8mg/L, which is inline with the maximum range of the result of analysis of a study of the physio-chemical water quality, of Opa reservoir catchments area. Ile-Ife (2013).

REFERENCES

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Water Vapour in the Climate System Special Report.UNEP
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