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Building Project Topics

The Study of Using Recycled Materials in Concrete Production (Crush Glass, Recycled Aggregate, Fly Ash)

The Study of Using Recycled Materials in Concrete Production (Crush Glass, Recycled Aggregate, Fly Ash)

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The Study of Using Recycled Materials in Concrete Production (Crush Glass, Recycled Aggregate, Fly Ash)

CHAPTER ONE

Objectivesย 

Generalย objective

Theย mainย objectiveย ofย thisย researchย isย toย investigateย theย performanceย ofย selectedย recycled materialsย as aggregates inย structuralย concrete.

Specificย objectives

  • To identify which of the selected recycled materials can be used as alternative aggregates for concrete production.
  • To investigate the influence of glass, ceramic tiles, and fly ash on both the mix design and the concrete properties.
  • To apply a Finite Element Model (FEM) in characterising the structural behaviour of non-conventional aggregates

CHAPTER TWOย 

LITERATUREย REVIEW

Theoreticalย background

Traditionally, aggregates consist of fine and coarse components. Fine and coarse aggregates can be obtained naturally or crushed (F. Chen & Richard, 2003). In other words, aggregates are a granular material gained from treating natural materials (BS EN 12620, 2002). Because aggregates represent form 60 to 80% of concrete volume, it characterizes the hardness of the concrete. (Nawy, 2005). Aggregates that are retained in sieve No. 5mm is known as coarse aggregates, and aggregates that passed sieve No. 5mm or have sizes less than 5mm is fine aggregates (Kong & Evans, 1978). The shape of surface and the physical properties affects the strength of concrete.

The surface of aggregates provides the bond between the cement paste and aggregates. It could also hold the water of the subsequent hydration reactions (Neville, 1981). Aggregates should be clean, hard, and it did not react chemically with cement (Wilson & Kosmatka, 2011).

The characteristics of aggregate appear in many properties such as; particles sizeย distribution, particle shape, surface texture, unit weight, specific gravity, density,ย absorption, and surface moisture (Wilson & Kosmatka, 2011). Additionally, theย resistance to freezing, dry wetting properties, shrinkage, strength, resistance to acid,ย thermal properties, and fire resistance represent a major part for determining theย qualityย ofย aggregates (ASTM C33 /C33M-16, 2000).

Theย uncrushedย smoothย andย roundedย coarseย aggregatesย leadย toย lowerย strengthsย thanย theย crushed aggregates, although the workability will be more (MacGinley & Choo,ย 1990).

In case of the nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregates for reinforced concrete are normally 20 mm. the maximum size of aggregate depends on the dimensions and the spacing between the reinforcement steel bars. The good practice ensures that the maximum size of the aggregates is not more than 25% of the minimum thickness of the member and the cover. By contrast, the workability concerning the size of the aggregates should be reasonable (Kong & Evans, 1978).

According to (Kong & Evans, 1978), the strength of aggregates has no effects on theย strength of the bond between the cement paste and aggregates. The strength ofย concrete does not depend only on the strength of aggregates, but also on the surfaceย characteristics (BS 812: Part 2, 2002). As a result, the primary purpose of aggregatesย is to provide the strength and the specific surface. The recommended strength ofย aggregatesย is aboveย 100ย N/mm2.

Aggregates properties have an influence on the workability in two ways. First and foremost, the particles size distribution, and it is normally determined by sieve analysis test. Second, is the nature of aggregates particles, and it considers the shape, porosity, and surface texture of aggregates (Wilson & Kosmatka, 2011).

 

CHAPTER THREEย 

MATERIALSย ANDย METHODS

Materialsย preparationย andย properties

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ย General

Theย experimentalย programย underย thisย researchย wasย carriedย outย atย theย structuralย laboratoryย ofย Jomoย Nigeriattaย Universityย ofย Agricultureย andย Technologyย inย 2016.ย Thisย chapter presents the type of materials that were used. It also contains the scientificย methodologyย thatย wasย followedย for;ย testingย theย usedย materials,ย conductingย theย proposed experiments, and modelling the chosen structural element. The work planย ofย theย experiment and theย research method wereย demonstrated.

Materials

In this research, the material that were used consist of cement paste (cement andย water), and the filler materials (aggregates). Aggregates consist of coarse and fineย aggregatesย whichย areย usuallyย gravelย andย sand.ย Forย theย cementย paste,ย Ordinaryย Portlandย Cement (OPC) class 32.5R and clean potable water were used. In addition, recycled materials such as; glass, ceramic tiles, and fly ash were used as aggregates,ย replacingย gravel and sand.

Conventionalย aggregates

Conventional aggregates are gravel and sand. Gravel that was used is crushed stoneย with maximum size of 20mm. River sand was used as fine aggregates. Sand hasย maximumย particlesย sizeย ofย 5.0mm.ย Gravelย andย sandย passedย sieveย No.ย 20mmย andย sieveย No.ย 5ย wereย used.ย Afterย sievingย theย gravel,ย itย wasย washedย once.ย Therefore,ย allย clayย andย otherย deleterious materials were removed.

CHAPTER FOURย 

RESULTSย ANDย DISCUSSION

Introductionย 

This chapter presents the results, analysis, and discussion of the laboratory results. Results were obtained from different tests and for different materials were carried out are presented. Fine and coarse aggregates of both conventional and recycled materials aggregates were tested such as; Particle size distribution, dry- rodded and loss-rodded density, specific gravity, water absorption, impact value, crushing value, and moisture content were also presented in this chapter. Concrete mix design proportions were done according to DOE and ACI method. Tests of the characteristics of concrete were also illustrated. Finally, results which were obtained from the modelling of the beams using ANSYS.

CHAPTER FIVEย 

CONCLUSIONย ANDย RECOMMENDATIONS

  • General

ย 

Thisย chapterย presentsย conclusionsย andย recommendationsย ofย theย researchย results.ย Outcomesย liedย onย theย analysisย andย discussionย ofย theย resultsย thatย haveย mentionedย inย theย previousย chapter.ย Also,ย itย clarifiesย weaknessesย andย areasย ofย furtherย research.ย Recommendationsย were mentionedย toย implyย this researchย inย a betterย wayย inย realย life.

 

5.2ย Conclusion

ย 

Manyย testsย wereย conductedย forย theย propertiesย ofย inorganicย recycled materialsย asย aggregates, for a purpose of use in concrete. Particles size distribution, dry-rodded,ย loss-roddedย density,ย aggregateย crushingย value,ย aggregateย impactย value,ย waterย absorption, and specific gravity were tested. These tests were conducted for fine andย coarseย aggregates,ย fineย andย coarseย ceramicย tilesย aggregates,ย andย fineย andย coarseย fly ash aggregates. Sand and gravel were tested as well.ย The following conclusionsย wereย draw;

  • In this study, it is proposed โ€œto identify which of the selected recycled materials can be used as alternative aggregates for concrete productionโ€. From the results, ceramic tile aggregates can be applied as either fine or coarseย ย Fine glass aggregates also have suitable results. ACV of the coarse glass was 42.3%, and AIV was 31.0% which are both more than 30%. Fly ash aggregates gave ACV and AIV of 0.02% and 0.004% respectively which are very low results in comparison with other aggregates. Therefore, fine glass, ceramic tiles, and coarse ceramic tiles could be acted as normal aggregates under mentioned conditions.
  • Furthermore, the second objective was of this research was โ€œto investigate the influence of glass, ceramic tiles, and fly ash on both the mix design and the concrete propertiesโ€. Therefore, Compressive strength was 55MPa and 20.7MPa for glass concrete and ceramic concrete at 25% replacement, and as it was discussed early in chapter four. It was concluded that sand should not be replaced by fine glass and fine ceramic tiles aggregates more than 50%. Also, the gravel should not replace more than 25% by coarse ceramic tiles aggregates. For these replacement, the strength of the concrete was not much affected.
  • The fine glass, fine ceramic, and coarse ceramic aggregates were blended uptoย 50%ย replacementย forย fineย aggregates,ย andย upย toย 25%ย replacementย forย coarseย ย Basedย onย theย results,ย itย concludedย thatย theย fineย glass,ย fineย ceramic,ย andย coarseย ceramicย canย beย blendedย andย usedย asย specificallyย mentionedย replacement.
  • In addition, rubber aggregates can be used as normal aggregates either sand or gravel, where high strength is not needed. Rubberized concrete showed high elastic energy, which gave it an advantage than the normal concrete. Wear resistance increased highly by increasing the amount of the rubber aggregates in concrete. This study concludes that rubberized concrete can be used in the construction industry such as; landscaping, sports field ground, architectural finishing, and other engineering applications where normal strength is not
  • Beams were made from chosen recycled materials were cast to check the structural behaviour. ANSYS was used to simulate these beams. The results (refer to Figures 18, 4.19, 4.20, and 4.21) were not giving a good agreement with the test results, and the simulation gave the load -deflection curve somehow close to the experimental load โ€“ deflection curve.
  • The use of recycled materials instead of normal aggregates has financial benefits, and it saves approximately 20% to 30% of the amount of suggested budget in the construction materials.

Recommendation

This researchย was conducted basedย onย materialsโ€™ย results thatย have been mentionedย inย theย previousย sections.ย Anyย typeย of glassย and ceramicย tilesย wasteย canย beย usedย without

significant change in the results and fly ash as well. From this research, theย followingย recommendations wereย set forย further studies.

  • This study did not consider the effect of the durability. The used recycled materials were not natural, and re-producing them may affect their characteristics with time. Recycled materials should not contain any organic materials and clay. The fine glass and ceramic tiles aggregates can provide more rough surface, and therefore, the strength may
  • The method of papering the recycled materials was recommended to be developed to reduce the consumed time and effort.
  • The research recommended that sand should not be replaced by fine glass and fine ceramic tiles aggregates more than 50%. Also, the gravel should not replace more than 25% by coarse ceramic tiles aggregates.
  • Rubberized concrete was recommended to be used in the construction industry such as; landscaping, sports field ground, architectural finishing, and other engineering applications where normal strength is not needed.
  • In fact, many factors affected the simulation results of concrete beam which was made from inorganic recycled materials. The model of the concrete was assumed to be theoretically described, and controlled by the modulus ofย ย The values of modulus of elasticity that were obtained experimentally for each material were not that accurate. Furthermore, the modulus of elasticity was assumed to be equal in the whole beam element, and that assumption was not exactly true but it is uncontrollable. Thus, the best estimate for the modulus of elasticity was used. The steel reinforcement was assumed to reach yield strength in the whole reinforced section, which was not also accurate. Therefore, for a better solution, the above assumptions should be considered.

Referencesย 

  • –.ย (2002).ย Standardย Practiceย forย Selectingย Proportionsย forย Normal,ย Heavyweight,ย andย Massย Concrete. American Concrete Institute. USA.
  • –.ย (2014).ย JICAย Strategyย Paperย onย Solid Wasteย Management.ย (2014).
  • Arulrajah, A., Piratheepan, J., Bo, M. W., & Sivakugan, N. (2012). Geotechnicalย characteristicsย ofย recycledย crushedย brickย blendsย forย pavementย sub-baseย applications. Canadian Geotechnicalย Journal, 49(7),ย 796โ€“811.
  • ASTMย C373-88,ย S.ย (2006).ย C373-88ย (2006)โ€œStandardย testย methodย forย waterย absorption,ย bulkย density, apparentย porosityย andย apparentย specificย gravityย ofย firedย whitewareย products.โ€ย ASTMย International,ย Westย Conshohocken, PA.
  • ASTM C650-04. (2014). Standard Test Method for Resistance of Ceramic Tile toย Chemicalย Substances. ASTM. USA.
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  • British-Standard-Institution.ย (1985).ย BSย 812-103.1ย Partย 103:ย Methodsย forย determinationย ofย particle sizeย distributionย ย Section 103.1 Sieveย tests, 13.
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  • British-Standard-Institution. (1990). BS 812-100 Part 100: General requirements forย apparatusย and calibration, 18.
  • British-Standard-Institution.ย (1990).ย BSย 812-102ย Partย 102:ย Methodsย forย sampling,ย 12.
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  • British-Standard-Institution.ย (1990).ย BSย 812-2:1995ย Partย 112:ย Methodsย forย determinationย ofย aggregate impact valueย (AIV),ย 15.
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