The Socio-economic Implications of Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria From 2009-2018: a Study of Borno State
CHAPTER ONE
Objective of the study
The primary objective of this research is to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the socio-economic implications of the Boko Haram insurgency in Borno State, Nigeria, from 2009 to 2018. To achieve this overarching goal, the study aims to accomplish the following specific objectives:
- To examine the extent of the humanitarian crisis resulting from the insurgency.
- To analyze the impact of the insurgency on the economic activities of Borno State.
- To investigate the effects of the insurgency on the education sector, including the destruction of educational infrastructure.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEWED OF RELATED LITERATURE
INSURGENCY: Scholars and theorists have given different definitions of insurgency. While some of these definitions are closely related, others are not so related but contain common elements and this still makes the subject technically difficult. Perhaps, insurgency is best understood by first considering what it I’, not. Liolio, (2013) posited that insurgency is not terrorism or conventional war, though they share some similarities such as the use of force, or guerrilla tactics to achieve an end which is often political. Basically, the difference between insurgency and terrorism lies in the scope and magnitude of violence. While for Instance, terrorism rarely brings about political change on its own, Insurgency attempts to bring about change through force of arms. Similarly, terrorists often apply a wide range of damages when compared to insurgents. On the other hand, while conventional War involves adversaries more or less symmetric in equipment or training insurgency involves adversaries that are asymmetric and weak. Traditionally, insurgencies seek to overthrow an existing Miller with one that is commensurate with their political, economic, ideological or religious goals (Gompert and Gordon: 2008).
Moreover, Kilcullen (2006) revealed that insurgency is a struggle to control a contested political space between a state (and a group of states or occupying powers) and one or more popularly based non- state challengers the author also tries to draw a line between classical and contemporary insurgencies thus: while the latter seek to replace the existing order, the former sometimes strive for the expulsion of foreign invaders from their territory or seek to fill an existing power vacuum. In summary, insurgency connotes an internal uprising often outside the confines of state’s laws and it is often characterized by social-economic and political goals as well as military or guerrilla tactics. Put differently, it is a protracted struggle carefully and methodically carried out to achieve certain goals with an eventual aim of replacing the existing power structure.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC: This is an entanglement that tends to portray how economic activity affects social processes. In general it analyzes how societies progress, stagnate, or regress because of their local or regional economy, or the global economy (Wikipedia, 2017).
The social economy lies within the thought and work of the Utopian socialists and the early attempts to create alternative communitarian responses to the mainstream capitalist economy through the use of the co-operative model. This early history framed later definitions that retained the emphasis on an alternative paradigm that challenged the classical understanding of capitalist economics, including the control of capital (Claude: 1994).
Very quickly the concept came to be used to refer to collective enterprises and association guided by ethical and moral considerations, not just material gains.
The elements of mutuality, collective effort, and social control over capital have remained as the most constant traits of the term as it has evolved ever since. Nevertheless, largely due to the influence of Le Play, the term also came to have associations with the state, associating social economy organizations with a dependence upon state policy, (Mendell: 2003).
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we described the research procedure for this study. A research methodology is a research process adopted or employed to systematically and scientifically present the results of a study to the research audience viz. a vis, the study beneficiaries.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research designs are perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by the researcher whereby different components of the study are integrated in a logical manner to effectively address a research problem. In this study, the researcher employed the survey research design. This is due to the nature of the study whereby the opinion and views of people are sampled. According to Singleton & Straits, (2009), Survey research can use quantitative research strategies (e.g., using questionnaires with numerically rated items), qualitative research strategies (e.g., using open-ended questions), or both strategies (i.e., mixed methods). As it is often used to describe and explore human behaviour, surveys are therefore frequently used in social and psychological research.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis of data derived through the questionnaire and key informant interview administered on the respondents in the study area. The analysis and interpretation were derived from the findings of the study. The data analysis depicts the simple frequency and percentage of the respondents as well as interpretation of the information gathered. A total of eighty (80) questionnaires were administered to respondents of which only seventy-seven (77) were returned and validated. This was due to irregular, incomplete and inappropriate responses to some questionnaire. For this study a total of 77 was validated for the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to ascertain the socio-economic implications of Boko haram insurgency in Nigeria from 2009-2018: a study of Borno state. In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the socio-economic implications of Boko haram insurgency in Nigeria from 2009-2018
Summary
This study was on the socio-economic implications of Boko haram insurgency in Nigeria from 2009-2018: a study of Borno state. Three objectives were raised which included: To examine the extent of the humanitarian crisis resulting from the insurgency, to analyze the impact of the insurgency on the economic activities of Borno State and to investigate the effects of the insurgency on the education sector, including the destruction of educational infrastructure. A total of 77 responses were received and validated from the enrolled participants where all respondents were drawn from selected residents in Borno state. Hypothesis was tested using Chi-Square statistical tool (SPSS).
Conclusion
There is no gainsaying that, the persistence of Boko Haram terrorist organization has done greater harm to the state of economy in Borno state, and the country’s economy in general. The states where conflict occurs have had their economies and social life disrupted and dislocated, and that has resulted to the influx of internally displaced persons (IDPs) both in the region and neighboring countries, it is also a threat to the security of life, property and dis-investments of local and foreign components with continuous capital flight and loss of confidence in the economy.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The study arrived at the following recommendation, as a panacea to the ending Boko Haram Insurgency and ways to revive the economy of the north east region of Nigeria.
- The insurgency is already having socio-economic impact on the Nigerian economy. Therefore, government should increase its effort to stabilize the region; through the rehabilitation, constructions and job creation.
- The leadership of the North political, religious and traditional organs should show deeper concern for the problem at hand; by organizing re-orientation programme for the citizen in that region.
- Addressing the root cause of the Insurgency, unemployment am poverty through a well robust social protection scheme would be a Cliche move. Rebuilding education and creating employment should be the bedrock of this scheme. Women, children and youths should be the target. There should also be empowerment through vocational training and mosque, churches, and NGOs should be utilized;
- iv Improved intelligence gathering should be used to curb future violence. What Nigeria has been witnessing are the consequences of lack of national intelligence in the security system, that have failed to recognize that contemporary system demands more reliable and timely intelligence than guns and armored personnel carrier
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