The Role of Physical Activities in the Prevention of Lifestyle Diseases Among Staff of Edo State Internal Revenue
Chapter One
Objectives of the Study
The specific objectives of this study, formulated in the past tense, are as follows:
- To assess the prevalence of lifestyle diseases among the staff of the Edo State Internal Revenue Service.
- To examine the historical engagement of staff in physical activities within the organisation.
- To evaluate the impact of implementing physical activity programs on the health and well-being of the staff.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Conceptual Review
Sedentary Work Environments and Lifestyle Diseases
The link between prolonged sedentary work environments and the rise in lifestyle diseases is a critical aspect that has garnered attention in recent research. Ortega et al. (2021) underscored the low level of physical fitness in Spanish adolescents, emphasizing its relevance to future cardiovascular health. This is particularly pertinent when considering the sedentary nature of modern work environments. The AVENA study provides valuable insights into the impact of sedentary behaviours on the health of individuals, setting the stage for understanding the correlation between sedentary work environments and lifestyle diseases (Ortega et al., 2021).
Palomo et al. (2020) delved into the prevalence of classic cardiovascular risk factors among university students in South Central Chile. Their findings contribute to the exploration of sedentary work environments, as university students often spend prolonged hours engaged in desk-bound academic activities. This study not only establishes the connection between sedentary behaviours and cardiovascular risk factors but also suggests the potential implications for individuals working in office settings where sedentary habits are prevalent.
The examination of secular changes in pediatric aerobic fitness by Tomkinson and Olds (2019) offers additional perspectives on the consequences of sedentary behaviours. While focusing on pediatric fitness, the study’s global analysis provides insights into the long-term implications of sedentary lifestyles. Understanding these implications is crucial when exploring the correlation between sedentary work environments and lifestyle diseases, as individuals who develop sedentary habits during childhood may carry these patterns into adulthood.
In the Nigerian context, Ejechi and Ogege (2021) investigated the socio-demographic, health-related, and physical-environmental correlates of physical activity among urban-dwelling Nigerians in early old age. The study sheds light on the specific factors that contribute to sedentary behaviours in the Nigerian population, offering context-specific insights. These insights are valuable when exploring the correlation between sedentary work environments and lifestyle diseases among employees of the Edo State Internal Revenue Service.
Reiner et al. (2023) conducted a systematic review emphasizing the long-term health benefits of physical activity. This review contributes to the understanding of lifestyle diseases, providing a broader perspective on the implications of sedentary behaviours. The synthesis of evidence in this systematic review establishes a foundation for exploring how prolonged sedentary work environments may contribute to the development of lifestyle diseases over time.
Physical Activities in Workplace Settings
The concept of incorporating physical activities within the workplace to mitigate health risks has garnered significant attention in the literature. Research by Reiner et al. (2023) highlights the potential benefits of physical activity, forming a foundation for understanding its role in workplace settings. The systematic review emphasizes the long-term health advantages associated with physical activity, laying the groundwork for exploring its incorporation as a preventive measure within the workplace.
Biswas et al. (2021) conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on sedentary time and its association with disease incidence and mortality. Their findings underscore the detrimental effects of prolonged sedentary behaviours, thereby reinforcing the importance of introducing physical activities in the workplace to counteract health risks. Understanding the adverse outcomes of sedentary behaviour provides a rationale for exploring workplace interventions to promote physical activity.
Firth et al. (2021) contributed to the literature by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis on the positive effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive functioning, particularly in individuals with schizophrenia. While not directly related to workplace settings, this study provides insights into the broader benefits of physical activity on mental health, which is a relevant aspect when considering the incorporation of physical activities within the workplace to mitigate overall health risks.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
The methodology adopted in this study draws upon a quantitative survey research design, aligning with the positivist research philosophy. This choice is justified by the need to collect numerical data to examine the relationships and patterns among variables related to physical activities, sedentary work environments, and lifestyle diseases among employees of the Edo State Internal Revenue Service. The quantitative approach allows for the generalization of findings to a broader population, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem (Saunders et al., 2019; Bell, 2022).
Research Design
In the pursuit of understanding the prevalence of physical activities, sedentary behaviours, and lifestyle diseases among the target population, a quantitative survey research design was chosen, as indicated by Saunders et al. (2019). This methodological approach was deemed suitable for capturing numerical data through a meticulously designed questionnaire, thereby enabling the facilitation of statistical analysis to derive meaningful conclusions. The rationale behind selecting a survey design resides in its alignment with the study’s objective of obtaining quantitative insights, which can be subjected to statistical quantification and analysis. This enables the identification of patterns, trends, and associations within the data (Saunders et al., 2019).
The research design’s selection was underpinned by the positivist research philosophy, emphasizing the objective measurement of phenomena and the identification of empirical patterns. This aligns with the survey design’s quantitative nature, which prioritizes numerical data collection and statistical analysis (Saunders et al., 2019). The choice of this design facilitated the collection of structured data, ensuring consistency in responses and allowing for a systematic exploration of the relationships between physical activities, sedentary behaviours, and lifestyle diseases within the target population.
Moreover, the survey design enabled the broadening of insights into the prevalence of lifestyle diseases among employees of the Edo State Internal Revenue Service. By capturing quantitative data, the study aimed to generalize findings to a larger population, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem. The structured nature of the survey provided a standardized approach to data collection, enhancing the reliability and validity of the study’s findings (Bell, 2022).
Population of the Study
The study targets the entire workforce of the Edo State Internal Revenue Service, consisting of approximately 1200 employees. Justification for this target population lies in its representation of the entire organizational staff, ensuring that findings are reflective of the diverse roles and responsibilities within the institution. A comprehensive understanding of the entire workforce is crucial for developing interventions that address the specific needs and challenges faced by different segments of the organization (Anderson et al., 2020).
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
Data Presentation
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Discussion of Findings
The findings from Tables 4.9 to 4.12 provide valuable insights into employees’ perceptions of existing health programs and initiatives within the Edo State Internal Revenue Service. In Table 4.9, respondents express a generally positive view, with 67.3% either strongly agreeing or agreeing that the organization’s current health programs adequately address the prevalence of lifestyle diseases. This suggests a favourable perception among staff regarding the effectiveness of the current health initiatives in tackling prevalent health issues. However, 16.3% express disagreement, indicating that there is still a subset of employees who may not find the existing programs entirely effective.
Moving on to Table 4.10, a considerable majority (73.1%) of respondents either strongly agree or agree that staff members are generally aware of their health status and actively seek preventive measures. This positive response implies a high level of health consciousness and proactive health-seeking behaviour among the employees. Only 10% express uncertainty, suggesting that the majority of staff members have a clear understanding of their health and preventive measures.
Table 4.11 explores the perceived effectiveness of the organization’s current health initiatives in targeting lifestyle diseases. A substantial proportion of respondents (68.3%) either strongly agree or agree with the effectiveness of these initiatives. This positive response indicates that a significant number of employees believe in the organization’s efforts to address lifestyle diseases through existing health programs. However, 28.8% either express uncertainty or disagreement, highlighting a need for further investigation into specific areas that may require improvement or clarification.
In Table 4.12, a strong consensus emerges, with 77.9% of respondents either strongly agreeing or agreeing that the organization is proactive in addressing lifestyle diseases through health awareness and preventive measures. This high level of agreement underscores the positive perception of the organization’s proactive stance, reinforcing the importance of ongoing health initiatives in promoting a health-conscious workplace culture. The relatively low percentages expressing uncertainty or disagreement suggest a general alignment of employee perceptions with the organization’s health promotion efforts.
Tables 4.13 to 4.16 shed light on employees’ views regarding their historical engagement in physical activities within the Edo State Internal Revenue Service and the perceived impact of such activities on their overall well-being. Table 4.13 indicates that a substantial majority (67.3%) either strongly agree or agrees that over the years, staff members have actively participated in workplace physical activities. This positive response suggests a prevalent culture of engagement in physical activities among the employees, which is crucial for promoting a healthy and active lifestyle within the workplace. However, 16.3% express disagreement, indicating a portion of the workforce that may not share the same perception of historical engagement.
Moving to Table 4.14, where respondents are asked about the organization’s consistency in promoting physical activity as part of its corporate culture, a significant majority (76%) either strongly agree or agree. This finding emphasizes the perceived consistency in the promotion of physical activity within the organizational culture. The relatively low percentages expressing uncertainty or disagreement suggest a shared understanding among employees regarding the organization’s commitment to fostering a physically active workplace.
In Table 4.15, respondents express their opinions on access to facilities and programs that encourage physical activities during working hours. A considerable percentage (61.5%) either strongly agree or agrees that they have had such access. This positive response underscores the perceived availability of resources and programs supporting physical activities within the work environment. However, 26.9% express uncertainty or disagreement, indicating a segment of the workforce that may have varying experiences or perceptions regarding the accessibility of such facilities.
Table 4.16 delves into how employees perceive the historical engagement in physical activities and its influence on their overall well-being. A majority (72.1%) either strongly agree or agrees that their historical engagement has positively influenced their well-being. This positive correlation between physical activity engagement and overall well-being aligns with existing literature emphasizing the multifaceted benefits of regular physical activity. However, 20.2% express uncertainty or disagreement, pointing to areas where employee perceptions may differ or where further clarification may be needed.
Tables 4.17 to 4.21 provide insights into employees’ perspectives on the current physical activity programs and their perceived impact on health and overall well-being.
In Table 4.17, a substantial majority (84.6%) either strongly agree or agree that the implementation of physical activity programs within the organization is perceived as beneficial to the health of staff members. This positive response indicates a widespread belief in the positive outcomes of the existing physical activity initiatives. However, it’s important to note the 15.4% expressing uncertainty or disagreement, which suggests there might be varying perceptions or experiences among the workforce regarding the effectiveness of these programs.
Moving to Table 4.18, which explores the belief that physical activity programs contribute significantly to reducing the risk of lifestyle diseases, 77.9% either strongly agree or agree. This finding underscores the perceived positive impact of physical activity programs on reducing the risk of lifestyle diseases among employees. The 14.4% expressing uncertainty or disagreement signals an opportunity for further investigation or potential areas of improvement in communication or program effectiveness.
In Table 4.19, respondents provide their views on how the organization’s physical activity initiatives enhance overall well-being and productivity. A majority (79.8%) either strongly agree or agree, emphasizing the perceived positive correlation between physical activity initiatives and employee well-being. The 16.3% expressing uncertainty or disagreement highlights areas where communication or the actual implementation of these initiatives may require attention.
Finally, in Table 4.20, which addresses staff members’ perception of current physical activity programs as conducive to a healthier work environment, a significant majority (81.7%) either strongly agree or agree. This positive response suggests a prevailing sentiment that the organization’s current initiatives contribute to creating a healthier and supportive work environment. The 8.7% expressing uncertainty or disagreement could be indicative of areas for further exploration or improvement in the existing programs.
Table 4.21 provides one-sample statistics on the prevalence of lifestyle diseases, historical engagement in physical activities, and the impact of implementing physical activity programs. The mean scores suggest positive perceptions overall, with values above the midpoint of the scale (assumed mean of 0). However, further statistical analysis, such as a one-sample t-test, is necessary to draw conclusive insights from these results.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the findings of the hypotheses testing provide valuable insights into the perceptions and beliefs of employees at the Edo State Internal Revenue Service regarding lifestyle diseases, historical engagement in physical activities, and the impact of current physical activity programs. The results of the one-sample t-test reveal noteworthy patterns.
Firstly, the hypothesis testing suggests a significant association between the prevalence of lifestyle diseases and sedentary behaviour among staff members. The positive mean score in Table 4.21 indicates that employees perceive a connection between sedentary behaviour and lifestyle diseases.
Secondly, the historical engagement in physical activities within the organisation appears to be positively correlated with employees’ overall health. The mean score exceeding the assumed mean in Table 4.21 suggests a favourable perception of the relationship between historical engagement in physical activities and employee health.
Thirdly, the implementation of physical activity programs demonstrates a significant impact on reducing lifestyle diseases among the staff. The positive mean score in Table 4.21 indicates a prevailing belief among employees that the current physical activity initiatives effectively contribute to the reduction of lifestyle diseases.
These findings collectively underscore the importance of physical activity programs in promoting employee health and well-being. However, further qualitative research and a comprehensive assessment of program implementation may be warranted to enhance the understanding of the nuanced relationships revealed in the quantitative results.
Implications of the Study
The implications of this study are multifaceted and extend beyond the immediate context of the Edo State Internal Revenue Service, offering insights and recommendations that can inform organizational health initiatives, policy development, and future research endeavours.
Firstly, the study’s findings underscore the importance of addressing sedentary behaviour in the workplace as a potential contributor to lifestyle diseases. The significant association between the prevalence of lifestyle diseases and sedentary behaviour among staff members highlights the need for targeted interventions aimed at reducing prolonged periods of inactivity during working hours. Organizations, including the Edo State Internal Revenue Service, may consider implementing policies that promote regular breaks, encourage physical activity, and provide ergonomic workspaces to mitigate the risks associated with sedentary work environments.
Secondly, the positive correlation between historical engagement in physical activities and employees’ overall health emphasizes the enduring impact of past wellness initiatives. Organizations should recognize the long-term benefits of fostering a culture of physical activity, encouraging employees to maintain active lifestyles throughout their tenure. This suggests that comprehensive health and wellness programs should not only focus on current interventions but also consider the cumulative effects of sustained efforts over time.
Thirdly, the perceived effectiveness of current physical activity programs in reducing lifestyle diseases indicates that organizational health initiatives can yield positive outcomes. This underscores the importance of ongoing investment in well-designed and well-implemented programs. Organizations are encouraged to assess and adapt their current initiatives based on employee feedback, ensuring that interventions remain relevant, engaging, and aligned with employees’ health needs.
Additionally, the study’s implications extend to the broader field of organizational health promotion. Insights gained from the Edo State Internal Revenue Service can serve as a benchmark for other governmental institutions and organizations seeking to enhance the well-being of their workforce. By recognizing the specific challenges and beliefs of employees, organizations can tailor interventions to address the unique needs of their staff, fostering a culture of health and vitality.
Furthermore, the study highlights the significance of employee perceptions in shaping the success of health initiatives. Understanding employees’ beliefs about the efficacy of health programs is crucial for program acceptance and adherence. Organizations should actively engage with their workforce, involve employees in program design, and communicate the benefits of health initiatives to foster a positive and supportive environment.
Recommendations
- Integrate Regular Physical Activity Breaks: Implement policies that encourage and facilitate regular breaks for employees to engage in physical activities. Providing dedicated spaces or organizing short group exercises during work hours can help combat sedentary behaviour and contribute to overall well-being.
- Enhance Health Awareness Programs: Strengthen health awareness initiatives to educate employees about the risks of lifestyle diseases and the benefits of an active lifestyle. Utilize various communication channels, workshops, and seminars to ensure that staff members are well-informed and motivated to prioritize their health.
- Tailor Interventions to Departments: Acknowledge the diversity of departments within the organization and tailor health interventions accordingly. Different work units may have varying needs and preferences, so designing programs that resonate with each department’s characteristics can enhance participation and effectiveness.
- Encourage Leadership Involvement: Foster a culture of health from the top down by encouraging leadership involvement in physical activity initiatives. When leadership actively supports and participates in wellness programs, it sets a positive example and signals the importance of health to the entire organization.
- Implement Ergonomic Workstations: Consider ergonomic adjustments to workstations to promote employee comfort and mobility. Providing standing desks, and ergonomic chairs, and creating spaces for short walks can contribute to reducing sedentary behaviour and improving overall posture.
- Periodic Health Assessments: Introduce regular health assessments for employees to monitor lifestyle-related indicators such as physical activity levels, dietary habits, and stress levels. These assessments can inform targeted interventions and provide employees with personalized feedback on their health status.
- Diversify Physical Activity Options: Recognize the diversity of preferences in physical activities among employees. Offer a variety of options such as gym workouts, outdoor activities, group exercise classes, and individual exercises to cater to different interests and needs.
- Continuous Program Evaluation and Adaptation: Establish a system for continuous evaluation of health programs, seeking feedback from employees and assessing the effectiveness of interventions. Use this information to adapt and refine programs, ensuring they remain relevant and responsive to the evolving health needs and preferences of the workforce.
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