Assessment of Public Perception on the Risk Factors Associated With Peptic Ulcer Disease Among Women in Benue State
CHAPTER ONE
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The primary objective of this study is to assess public perception on the risk factors associated with peptic ulcer disease among women in benue state. Other objectives of the study are:
- To find out the relationship between peptic ulcer and women
- To examine the effects of peptic ulcer on women
- To examine how the age factor in peptic ulcer in women
- To find out how health factors cause peptic ulcer in women
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
Our focus in this chapter is to critically examine relevant literatures that would assist in explaining the research problem and furthermore recognize the efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar research. The chapter intends to deepen the understanding of the study and close the perceived gaps.
Precisely, the chapter will be considered in three sub-headings:
- Conceptual Framework
- Theoretical Framework and
- Review of Empirical studies
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Concept of Peptic Ulcer
According to Sierra, Wood, Kolli (2019), peptic ulcer is a chronic disease that results from an imbalance between endogenous protective factors of gastric mucosa (mucus and bicarbonate secretion, adequate blood flow, prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide, sulfhydryl compounds and antioxidants enzymes, and others) and aggressive factors (acid and pepsin secretions). Behavioral and environmental factors such as smoking, poor diet, alcohol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ingestion, and Helicobacter pylori infection, among others have also been implicated in the etiology of gastric ulcer . Peptic ulcer disease is often defined as a mucosal break greater than 3-5 mm in the stomach or duodenum with a visible depth. It is therefore an endoscopic diagnosis in contrast to dyspepsia, which is a clinical diagnosis based on symptoms alone (Sierra, Wood, Kolli 2019). Peptic ulcer disease results from an imbalance between factors that protect the mucosa of the stomach and duodenum, and factors that cause damage to it Patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers present similarly. They may report epigastric or retrosternal pain, early satiety, nausea, bloating, belching, or postprandial distress. These symptoms are non-specific and may be difficult to distinguish clinically from functional dyspepsia. Ulcers are an open sore of the skin or mucus membrane characterized by sloughing of inflamed dead tissue. Ulcers are lesions on the surface of the skin or a mucous membrane characterized by a superficial loss of tissue. Ulcers are most common on the skin of the lower extremities and in the gastrointestinal tract, although they may be encountered at almost any site. There are many types of ulcer such as mouth ulcer, esophagus ulcer, peptic ulcer, and genital ulcer (Singh, Singh, Singh 2019). Ulcer is one of the most common diseases affecting throughout the world population. The allopathic treatment of ulcer adversely affects the health by causing harmful side effects. It impedes the organ of which that membrane is a part from continuing its normal functions. It is of many forms which occur on both, inside and outside of the human body. Currently, different types of ulcer forms are recognized in medicine such as peptic ulcer, corneal ulcer, stomach ulcer, foot or leg ulcer etc. The Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori remain present between the mucous layer and the gastric epithelium and are strategically designed to live within the aggressive environment of the stomach. Initially, Helicobacter pylorus reside in the antrum but over time migrates toward the more proximal segments of the stomach. Peptic ulcer is one of the world’s major gastrointestinal disorders and affecting 10% of the world population. About 19 out of 20 peptic ulcers are duodenal. An estimated 15000 deaths occur each year as a consequence of peptic ulcer. Annual incidence estimates of peptic ulcer hemorrhage and perforation were 19.4–57 and 3.8–14 per 100,000 individuals, respectively (Sierra, Wood, Kolli 2019). The average 7-day recurrence of hemorrhage was 13.9% and the average long- term recurrence of perforation was 12.2%. Ulcer index Scoring of ulcer was done as follows: No ulcer=0; Superficial ulcers= 1; Deep ulcers=2; Perforation=3. Mean ulcer score for each animal will be expressed as ulcer index. The percentage of ulcer protection was determined by formula: % Protection= [(Control mean ulcer index – Test mean ulcer index)/ Control mean ulcer index 100.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
In this chapter, we described the research procedure for this study. A research methodology is a research process adopted or employed to systematically and scientifically present the results of a study to the research audience viz. a vis, the study beneficiaries.
Research Design
Research designs are perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by the researcher whereby different components of the study are integrated in a logical manner to effectively address a research problem. In this study, the researcher employed the survey research design. This is due to the nature of the study whereby the opinion and views of people are sampled. According to Singleton & Straits, (2009), Survey research can use quantitative research strategies (e.g., using questionnaires with numerically rated items), qualitative research strategies (e.g., using open-ended questions), or both strategies (i.e. mixed methods). As it is often used to describe and explore human behaviour, surveys are therefore frequently used in social and psychological research.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis of data derived through the questionnaire and key informant interview administered on the respondents in the study area. The analysis and interpretation were derived from the findings of the study. The data analysis depicts the simple frequency and percentage of the respondents as well as interpretation of the information gathered. A total of forty-one (41) questionnaires were administered to respondents of which thirty eight (38) were returned while 35 were validated. This was due to irregular, incomplete and inappropriate responses to some questionnaire. For this study a total of 35 was validated for the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
SUMMARY
In this study, our focus was to assess public perception on the risk factors associated with peptic ulcer disease among women in Benue State. The study specifically was aimed at finding out the relationship between peptic ulcer and women, examining the effects of peptic ulcer on women, examining how the age factor in peptic ulcer in women, and finding out how health factors cause peptic ulcer in women. This study was anchored on the Health Belief Model.
The study adopted the survey research design and conveniently enrolled participants in the study. A total of 35 responses were received and validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent are drawn from women in Makurdi, Benue State.
CONCLUSION
Based on the finding of this study, the following conclusions were made:
- There is a relationship between peptic ulcer and women.
- The effects of peptic ulcer on womeninclude:
- Internal bleeding
- Burning stomach pain
- Heartburn
- Nausea
- Bloating
- Age factor influences peptic ulcer in women
- How health factors cause peptic ulcer in womeninclude:
- Through menstruation
- Through pregnancy
- Through menopause
RECOMMENDATIONS
In the light of the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are hereby proposed:
- The general educational levels and socio-economic conditions should be given more emphasis in the already ongoing efforts by the government, non-governmental and international organizations in order to increase their actual knowledge and update them with the most current information about the disease.
- Awareness about the disease, its causes and its available treatment options and facilities should be developed through various approaches of mass communication and education.
- Use of NSAID can be curbed or package can be labeled recommending use no longer than 10 days in a row or consult a physician.
- Anxiety, stress and tension can be reduced to reduce the disease
- Provision of H. Pylori test which are already in place should be enhanced and enforced along with the proper establishment of the health assurance system
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