The Impact of University Tuition Fee Increase on Academic Performance of Tertiary Students ( A Case Study of Kaduna State University)
Chapter One
Objectives of the Study
- To explore the causes of high rate of school fees to the education of poor students in tertiary institutions
- To identify the effect of high rate of school fees to the education of poor student
- To investigate how education process and accessibility could alleviate in the education of poor students in tertiary institutions.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction
This chapter is an elaboration of various works by authors and literatures as related to the research topic in view. Due to the foregoing, this chapter will cover some of the following sub-themes: effect of poverty on education in Zaria LGA area of Kaduna State, poverty and education, the relationship between education and national development, level of poverty in Nigeria, sustainability of education in Nigeria, effect of poverty on education of poor students in Nigeria, the contribution of corruption on poverty,
Theoretically, education was found to have a relationship with Human Capital. Thus, once people have access to education in a country and proper facilities, resources and materials are provided for teaching and learning, the outcomes will be great and the country will be blessed with strong Human Capital. Moreover, once Human Capital is achieved, it leads to the country’s development and economic growth due to the huge numbers of educated and knowledgeable people in the country as well as helping poverty alleviation. According to Becker (1964), education or training increases workers’ productivity by equipping them with useful knowledge and skills while other theorists provide different explanations for how education is related to worker productivity. One such argument is based on the statement that the higher earnings of educated workers are related to the level of their education, rather than through skills and knowledge (Jin Xiao, 2001).Additionally, Spence (1973) stated that the market has become a signal to indicate the potential productivity of education human capital productivity Jobs Wages Economy growth country development Poverty Alleviation.
Effect of Poverty on Education in Zaria L.G.A of Kaduna State
Schultz (1975) implies that education enhances an individual’s ability to successfully deal with disequilibria in changing economic conditions. A similar argument was given by Levin and Kelley (1994, cited byXiao, 2001), implying that education could only improve productivity if complementary inputs exist, such as training, contract terms, and management practices….The objective of education is manpower development, aimed at national growth and development (Enamiroro,2007). These definitions and theories have significantly linked education with human capital, leading to national development and economy growth.
Poverty and Education
Education is the process of the teaching and training of the child. It is about imparting skills and the acquisition of knowledge for a particular trade or profession in which appropriate methods are applied (Kellerman, 1980).Similarly, education as all positive efforts, conscious and direct, incidental and indirect, made by a given society to accomplish certain objectives that are considered desirable in terms of the individual’s needs as well as the needs of society where the programme is based (Fafunwa, 1983).In relation to the individual and community, education has been linked to society with the definition of Ebong (1996),defining education as a powerful instrument for the development of man and society, while according to Enamiror, (2007) education is a systematic procedure for the transfer and transformation of culture, through formal or informal training of people in a society. Thus, it deals with the mental, physical, psychological and social development of the citizens in a given society. According to Ojo and Vincent (2000), cited by Nwangu (2004),“Education is many things to man, a visa to success, a passport to the unknown, a catalyst to great heights. Education empowers, emboldens, refines, civilizes, enlightens, enriches and gives confidence to man”.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Methodology is the methods or process that shall be adopted during the course of administering the questionnaire in the area under study.
According to Nwana (2001) research methodology is a sequence of activity which is followed to enable the researcher to achieve his aims.
Population of the Study
The term population is generally used to denote the total number of people in one geographical area (Nwana 2001).
The population of Zaria Local Government Area of Kaduna state is about five hundred and forty nine thousand four hundred (549,400.00). The population of this study is 100 respondents within the study area (Zaria Local Government Area of Kaduna State).
Sample of the Study
The idea or reason for sampling is to obtain a part of the population that can be inferred. For sample to be useful in any way it must be as representative of the entire population.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
Introduction
This chapter deals with the analysis and data interpretation based on the findings of the equipment and instruments used.
One hundred (100) questionnaire which was grouped into two section “A and B”, where section “A” contains five (5) items and section “B” contains ten (12) items they were all distributed and collected back from the respondents. Also the responses received from the findings were puts into percentages frequency distribution.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
In summary this study shows that, there is a relationship between poverty and education in Zaria local government area of Kaduna state. From the analysis, there is a poor accessibility of education in Zaria local government area of Kaduna state. Some parents are unable to send their students to schools because of their low income while some parents can only send their students to public schools because that is what they can afford.
Furthermore, the study shows that, public schools in Zaria local government area of Kaduna state seemed to be abandoned by the government. Not much is invested on education in Zaria local government area of Kaduna state. Salaries are inadequate for teachers to live on. Public schools are not meeting parents’ expectations of providing quality education for their students. In addition, basic needs are hard for some parents especially when hunger strikes deeply, penetrating into peoples’ lives. The compelling questions are: how can education take place when there is hunger? And how can the students learn when their stomachs are empty? How can the parents send their students to school when they are sinking in poverty? Tertiary institutions which are well equipped in terms of resources, facilities and materials are beyond their reach.
This seemed to cause a big gap between the rich and poor and quality education. This study confirmed that education reduces poverty and education leads to nation development and economic growth. This study confirmed some previous studies such as Otive, (2006), Becker, (1964) and Xiao, (2001) as well as Human Capital Theory on poverty and education. It maintains that schooling improves productivity and education or training increases workers’ productivity. This study also sustains the result of Bynner and Joshi, (2002) which states that, poor or low education likely leads to poverty.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion which can be drawn based on the questionnaires distributed is that poverty has caused tremendous damage to people’s lives in Zaria local government area of Kaduna state and has deprived people of the basic needs. Poverty strikes hard and determines people’s faith in Zaria local government area of Kaduna state and dictates the kind of life people should live.
The Zaria local government area of Kaduna state government has failed its citizens by not providing them a good life and sufficient jobs for their survival. In addition, the Nigerian government is overwhelmed with corruption and corruption is the root of the disease in that country. It is corruption of the government that has started everything. It is corruption that creates poverty due to the poor or unequal distribution of the wealth and equity of the nation.
Corruption has sunk the entire system in Zaria local government area of Kaduna state into the Dead Sea where it is hard for the system to be live. Government offices, sectors, departments and ministries are mummified by corruption. Zaria local government area of Kaduna state has become a local government where corruption and bribery are the state pride. Bribes are honoured publicly and become express methods of getting things done in Zaria local government area of Kaduna state and ensuring approval.
In terms of education, a relationship was found between poverty and education in the sense that poverty, again, determines what level of education people should have in Zaria local government area of Kaduna state. Poverty has crippled our educational system. Schools are a shadow of what they were in the old days. Public schools and higher institutions in the state are neglected, have poor equipment, and lack facilities and resources. The government has failed to provide good teaching and learning facilities for schools for students to learn.
RECOMMENDATIONS
- Hungry or malnourished exposed to trauma, stress or violence, or faced with severe health problems this therefore, means that schools should address the effects of poverty.
- Schools should identify students from poor families from their records such as the social or child study record and recommend them for assistance by Government, NGOs or other well wishers that the school should contact on behalf of the students.
- Government should provide instructional materials for effective teaching and learning of in public school so that poor students can attend tertiary institutions.
- Government should also provide professional teachers in public schools.
- Government and non-governmental organization should continually provide infrastructure in School for effective teaching and learning, so that poor students can achieve the aims.
- Government should continually provide enough personnel who are professionals in the field of education and give scholarship to poor students to study abroad.
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