The Evaluation of Ceramic Waste as a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate in Hot-Mix Asphalt
Aim and Objectives
Aim
This research aims to evaluate the use of ceramic waste as a partial replacement of coarse aggregates in the production of asphalt concrete. The aim of the study will be achieved through the following objectives.
Objectives
- To determine the physical properties of the coarse aggregates and ceramic waste aggregates.
- To determine the consistency test on the bitumen used in the production of Hot Mix Asphalt.
- To conduct Marshall Stability tests to determine the optimum bitumen content of the asphalt mix produced with conventional aggregate and CWA.
- To determine the effect of different percentages of ceramic waste as partial replacement to coarse aggregate in Hot Mix Asphalt.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
A ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous (e.g. a glass). Because most common ceramics are crystalline, the definition of ceramic is often restricted to inorganic crystalline materials, as opposed to the non-crystalline glasses, a distinction followed here. According to Zephaniah (2008) the earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000 year old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials, hardened in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to create a coloured, smooth surface. Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products and a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering; for example, in semiconductors (Dennis, 2009).
Product from the ceramics industry comprises of the following: wall and floor tiles, sanitary ware, bricks and roof tiles, refractory materials, technical ceramics and ceramic materials for domestic and ornamental use. In the European Union and Spain, the production of wall and floor tiles represents the highest percentage with respect to the total, followed by bricks and roof tiles, and other products. Ceramic products are produced from natural materials containing a high proportion of clay minerals. Following a process of dehydration and controlled firing at temperatures between 700ºC and 1000ºC, these minerals acquire the characteristic properties of fired clay.
Ceramic Waste
Ceramic wastes come from two sources. The first source is the ceramics industry, and this waste is classified as non-hazardous industrial waste (NHIW). According to the Integrated National Plan on Waste 2008-2015, NHIW is all waste generated by industrial activity which is not classified as hazardous in Order MAM/304/2002, in accordance with the European List of Waste (ELW) and identified according to the following: Waste from the manufacture of ceramic products, bricks, roof tiles and construction materials, brick.
The second source of ceramic waste is associated with construction and demolition activity, and constitutes a significant fraction of construction and demolition waste (CDW), this kind of waste is classified by the ELW according to the following: Construction and demolition waste, Concrete, bricks, roof tiles and ceramic materials (EWC, 2015).
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preamble
All the tests were carried out in the department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The materials that were used for this research includes; bitumen, coarse aggregate, ceramic waste aggregate, fine aggregate and ordinary Portland cement. The ceramic waste aggregate used in this research was sourced from a demolished building and rehabilitation of civil engineering department, Ahmadu Bello University.
Ceramic waste is usually available as a waste product from ceramic industries and demolished buildings. The ceramic waste were crushed and subjected to all preliminary tests on coarse aggregates such as sieve analysis (BS 1377), aggregate crushing value test, aggregate impact value test (BS 812), and specific gravity test (ASTM C136).
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Introduction:
Having presented the materials and methods to carry out the research, the properties of constituent materials used which includes Cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and CWA as compared with their standard requirement as per codes specification and the results and discussion are presented in the following sections.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusions
From the test results as well as the analysis and discussion in chapter four, the following conclusion can be made.
- From the results of physical properties tests carried out on the coarse and fine aggregates, and the ceramic waste aggregates, it was observed that the values obtained are within the limit specified by ASTM 127 (2013) with ceramic waste aggregate and coarse aggregate having specific gravity of 2.63kg/m3and 2.67kg/m3respectively, flakiness and elongation index as 29% and 32%, 22% and 21% respectively, water absorption as 0.6% and 0.3% respectively.
- The consistency test performed on the bitumen used, showed that it is of 60/70 grade and can be used for bituminous mix design.
- Inclusion of ceramic waste aggregates at 20% gave optimum stability of 4kN at optimum bitumen content of 6%.
- At 20% ceramic waste aggregates, the stability, the flow value, void in total mix and the void filled with bitumen values are 4kN, 2.48mm, 4.25% and 73.93% respectively corresponding to the standard speculated by the Nigeria General Specification for Roads and Bridges (1990).
Recommendation
Based on results of investigations carried out, the partial replacement of Coarse aggregate with 20% CWA is recommended for use in the production of asphalt for lightly trafficked Highway. The use of CWA as coarse aggregate could reduce construction cost.
REFERENCES
- Abarshi, M. D. (1988): “Use of Billet Scales As Filler in Asphaltic Concrete”. MSc Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
- Andres, J. and Cesar, M. (2010). Re-use of ceramic wastes in construction; Escuela Superior y Tecnica de Ingenieria Angraria U. of Leon.
- Anthony, J. (2007). Nigeria: Kano Needs resources for refuse disposal.Vanguard (Lagos) August 14, 2001 Available at: htpp://www.vanguard.com/ [Accessed 12 April 2012].
- Asphalt Institute (1979): “ Marshall Mix Design Criteria,”.
- ASTM C127. Standard Test Method for Specific gravity and water absorption of Fine and Coarse Aggregate – 13.
- ASTM C136. Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregate – 04. ASTM C33. Standard Specifications for Aggregates – 03.
- Binici, H. (2007). Effect of crushed ceramic and basaltic pumice as fine aggregates on concrete mortars properties. Construction and Building Materials, vol. 21, Issue 6, (June 2007),1191 – 1197, 0950-0618.
