The Effect of Reuse, Recycling of Plastics and Essential to Waste Management
Chapter One
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the study is to ascertain the effect of reuse, recycling of plastic and essential to waste management in Nigeria; but for the purpose of the study, the researcher intends to achieve the following objective:
To examine the effect of reuse, recycling of plastic and essential to waste management in Nigeria
To ascertain the effect of solid waste management practice in Nigeria
To evaluate the role of government in waste management in Nigeria
To investigate the environmental effect of solid waste management in Nigeria.
To evaluate the relationship between solid waste management and environmental pollution.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
In the study of waste management, there are several models, and conceptual postulates. This research work shall focus on just one among these conceptual postulates such as the P.R.P (population, research, pollution) model. The idea of waste generation and problems posed by this waste in our cities is not for fetched from population explosion, resource demand and pollution. In an attempt to study waste problem, the P.R.P model was formulated which slows the relationship between population, resource and pollution .this model connects resource use with the environment population in terms of waste generated. As more people move to an urban area, either from birth or migration, population increases leading to high demand of resource to stay alive, and as such ,a negative feedback is reached with increase in the number of waste generation. the P.R.P mode says that human population acquires and uses resources from the environment and that these activities have negative impact on the environment, attiring the biotic and biotic condition.
Sources of Waste
Wastes are complex on nature depending on sources of generation and the environmental status of the waste. Waste may be classified according to its origin or sources, physical form or morph metric, or according to physiochemical properties. Oyediran (1997) has identified the following sources of waste which include;
– Domestic/municipal solid waste
– Agricultural waste
– Industrial waste
– Commercial waste
– Miscellaneous waste
According to Udofia and Asikong (2005), waste could be bio-degradable and non-biodegradable. The biodegradable wastes are those domestic wastes which include food remains, garden, paper, etc which can easily be decomposed by microbes, while the non-biodegradable wastes are wastes that cannot easily decompose and are non combustible in nature. These include metals, glass, ceramics, stones, nails, etc. However, of all the various sources of waste, attention in waste disposal is devoted to municipal solid waste, because it is highly visible and must therefore be collected, transported to dump sites at all cost. Wastes are complex in nature depending on the source of generation which gives rise to a large variety of different types of waste arising from the above listed sources. These include the domestic waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste and commercial waste. Domestic wastes are waste generated from domestic activities such as cooking, garbage, most especially from homes.
Industrial wastes are by-products from industrial processes. Some of these materials are made up of hazardous material that contains a large volume of toxic substances like cyanides, pesticides lead compound, mercury, etc. They vary depending on the nature of manufacturing. Waste from plant industry often comes from mixing tanks, filling equipment, cleaning of floor. Agabi (1995).Agricultural wastes are waste materials that emanate from farm activities which include run. Off of pesticides. Discarded farming tools, weed from farm lands, to mention but a few. Commercial waste which come from commercial activities such as marketing place, departmental of glossary stores, offices, commercial parks, etc.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This chapter deals with the method used in collecting data required in carrying out this research work it explains the procedures that were followed and the instrument used in collecting data.
Sources of data collection
Data were collected from two main sources namely:
(i)Primary source and
(ii)Secondary source
Primary source:
These are materials of statistical investigation which were collected by the research for a particular purpose. They can be obtained through a survey, observation questionnaire or as experiment; the researcher has adopted the questionnaire method for this study.
Secondary source:
These are data from textbook Journal handset etc. they arise as by products of the same other purposes. Example administration, various other unpublished works and write ups were also used.
Population of the study
Population of a study is a group of persons or aggregate items, things the researcher is interested in getting information for the study the effect of reuse, recycling of plastic and essential to waste management in Nigeria. The researcher randomly select 200 staff of Lagos state waste management agency as the population of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Introduction
Efforts will be made at this stage to present, analyze and interpret the data collected during the field survey. This presentation will be based on the responses from the completed questionnaires. The result of this exercise will be summarized in tabular forms for easy references and analysis. It will also show answers to questions relating to the research questions for this research study. The researcher employed simple percentage in the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was on the effect of reuse, recycling of plastic and essential to waste management.
In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges of waste management and environmental preservation.
SUMMARY
Waste management is capital and labor-intensive, consuming as much as 20 to 50 per cent of municipal operational budgets. Both capital and operational cost savings can be realized by effectively recycling waste that would otherwise end up in rivers, lakes, or landfills, and using treated wastewater and sludge for biogas, irrigation and aquaculture. Also, hazardous waste facilities have not yet been established and hazardous wastes are co-mingled for disposal with municipal solid wastes, despite laws to the contrary. There is the limited involvement of civil society in the execution of waste management projects. Hence, to achieve specific waste management goals in Nigeria, Sustainable Integrated Waste Management which is the selection and application of suitable technologies and management programmes needs to be considered.
CONCLUSION
By adopting the wealth aspect from waste or treating solid wastes as resources, in terms of waste management strategy has effectively become not only a service but an instrument for alleviating poverty. Government should not only conceive waste management as a means of service delivery but a war against poverty and poor living environment. The future prospect of scrap metal/plastic collection, scavenging and artisanal recycling is envisaged to be prosperous and can offer livelihood opportunities for poor people if the process of collection remains unaltered. However, price fluctuation and the cost of conveying especially scrap metals to recycling plants outside the study area have negative influences on the motivation for the job and the realization of good incomes adequate enough to meet improved standards of living for members that are still new in the business.
RECOMMENDATION
A holistic and people-focused approach in empowering the unemployed to make choices for their livelihoods should be the key focused of intervention. Within this framework, the collaboration of all stakeholders such as WMEs, municipal solid waste management agencies, government agencies such as the ministries of trade, labour and state security to dialogue and design policies and regulations that will address issues of scrap metal/plastic price, price fluctuations and cost of conveying the materials from collection points to recycling plant and also make provision for a functional recycling plant in Lagos. This will strongly improve the actors income. The implementation of the policies and regulations from ISWM should be strictly adhered to. The policies and regulations should take into cognizance the importance of all stakeholders and harmonize their difference so that the exploitation of a category of stakeholder (e.g. scavenger) by the other (for instance major waste dealers) is minimized. It is suggested that solid waste activity being an informal sector should be transformed into a more formal sector which will in turn bring about better organization of the sector, hence making it more attractive thus, paving ways for lots of job opportunities for a good number of both unskilled and skilled people residing in Lagos. This can be achieved through involvement of non-governmental organization (NGO) to provide appropriate public awareness, tools and educational programmes concerning the benefits of solid waste management. The WMEs should be encouraged to form strong and functional association with educated and influential leaders that will take their case to appropriate government authority.
Lack of diversification was observed from the results of the field work, that majority of the respondents were restricted to waste activity and not diversifying into other activities. Diversification if encouraged will add extra income and promote more employment opportunities. Alternatively, public and private participation (PPP) arrangement should be encouraged to collaborate with WMEs thereby, generating more job opportunities, with a wage adequate to meet improved socio-economic conditions of living for WMEs where issues of social security, work accidents insurance and the provision of working tools, equipments and protective clothing will be well taken care of.
REFERENCE
- Adebola, O. O. (2006). The Role of Informal Private Sector in Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) in Lagos, Nigeria – A Developing Country. Philadelphia P.A, Proceeding of the 21st International Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management, 1(1): 1-8.
- Adeyemi, A.S. Olorunfemi, J.F. and Adewoye, T.O. (2001). Waste Scavenging in Third World Cities: A case study in Ilorin, Nigeria. The Environmentalist, 21 (2): 93-96.
- Adisa, (2000) In: Muktar, M. (2011). The Economics of Waste Scavenging in Kano State. Department of Economics, Bayero University, Kano- Nigeria. Pp. 4-5.
- Ado, M. (1998) In: Muktar, M. (2011). The Economics of Waste Scavenging in Kano State. Department of Economics, Bayero University, Kano- Nigeria. Pp. 4-5.
- Agarwal, A. Singhmar, A. Kulshrestha, M. and Mittal, A.K. (2005). Municipal Solid Waste Recycling and Associated Markets in Delhi, India: Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 44 (1): 73-90.
- Agunwamba, J.C. (2003). Analysis of Scavengers’ Activities and Recycling in some Cities of Nigeria. Environmental Management, 32 (1): 116-127.
- Ahmed, A.S. and Ali, M. (2004). Partnerships for Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: Linking Theories to Realities. Habitat International, 28 (3): 467 –479.
