Statistical Analysis on Consumption of Kerosine
Chapter One
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
This research work is aimed at analyzing the rate / level of consumption of kerosene as source of household energy in Nasarawa Local government of Nasarawa state.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
Our focus in this chapter is to critically examine relevant literature that would assist in explaining the research problem and furthermore recognize the efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar research. The chapter intends to deepen the understanding of the study and close the perceived gaps.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
ENERGY CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN NIGERIA
Energy consumption pattern in Nigeri a can be broadly grouped into urban and rural spheres, with urban sub-group to include: industry, transport, c ommercial, household and agricultural sectors. It is a com mon knowledge that there are disparities in the energy consumed by urban households and rural households, b etween high and low income group; within a region, country and among different countries. Table 1 gives the various contributions of different research gro ups in the literature on the relationship between energy c onsumption and economic growth in Nigeria. Another contributing factor to energy consumption in Nigeria is urbanisation. It has been reported that urbanisation inf luences demand for cheaper energy in Nigeria because of high level of poverty (Yemi, 2012). The use and diff erences in energy consumption also depends on the level of urbanisation, economic development and lifestyle (D zioubinski and Chipman, 1999). As reflected in the work of Abd’razack et. al. (2012), a direct relationship exis ts between energy consumption, poverty and environment.
Electricity
Increase in electricity tariff by subsequ ent government is almost a common phenomenon in Nigeria. Report by Abd’razack et. al. (2012) indicated that there is an increase from 2.30 N/KWhr to 11.75NKWhr between 2000 to 2012. Moreso, only a little percentage (urban areas) are connected to the national grid. This is clearly highlighted in the works of different authors (Sambo 2010, Abd’razack et. al. (2012), Abayomi 2012, Babanyara and Saleh 2010, Shittu et. a l. 2004, Audu 2013). The problem of voltage fluctuation, power supply inconsistency, family size and attenda nt electric shock is another discouraging factor towards use of electricity (electric stoves) for cooking even in ur ban areas. This has pushed up the percentage of househo ld that use other source of fuels for cooking as reflecte d in the works of (Taru et. al. 2011, Oyekale et. al. 2012, Nnaji. et al. 2012, Ojo and Chuffor, 2013). Recent work by Nwosu and Nnamdi (2013), indicated that unstab le power supply in Nigeria generally affect national out put negatively and consequently reduces her per capita income.
Kerosine
The high cost and unavailability of ker osene in the market is common in all parts of Nigeria. This also applies to the constant increase in price by successive governments and hoarding of this essential commodity for maximum selfish gain by wholesalers. It has been reported by various authors that increased u se of fuelwood, charcoal and biomass as cooking fuels in Nigeria is wholly due to the high cost and scar city of kerosene (Oyekale et. al. 2012, Nnaji et. al. 2012 , Ojo and Chuffor 2013).
Fuelwood
Fuelwood provides the main source of domestic fuel for both the rural and urban dwelle rs especially in developing countries. It has been repo rted that half of the world’s population depend on fuelwood for cooking and other domestic uses, with a daily p er capita consumption of about 0.5kg to 1.00kg of dry bi omass (Twindel and Wier, 1986). According to William s (1998), fuelwood account for 86% of national energy consumption for rural households in Nigeria. Based o n the International Energy Agency (IEA) report, EIA ( 2010), nearly 81 million people in the rural areas are n ot accessible to electricity in Nigeria and thus biomass, especially fuel wood accounts for over 80% of their to tal energy consumption for off-grid heating and cooking needs. Different authors (Eric 1994, Nnaji et. al. 2012, Taru et. al. 2011, Fawehinmi and Oyerinde, 2002, A bd’razack et. al. 2012, Ouedraogo 2006, Audu 2012, M adubansi and Shackleton 2007, Bukola 2012, Pundo a nd Fraser, 2006, Anthony and Emodi 2012) identified several indices that determine choice of energy for d omestic use and mostly points to poverty amongst othe r factors as the major reason for overdependence of fue l wood by most households in Nigeria.
Charcoal
Charcoal is formed when wood is burn t. Charcoal is used for cooking, ironing, blacksmith, gun powder, art and medicine, as filter, catalyst, adsorbent, and for cultural costume. However, production of charcoal requires that vegetation must be affected since trees have to be felled. Nigeria is endowed with abundant fuel wood from forestry. Use of charcoal for cookin g is more common in urban areas. Report has shown that a sizeable percentage of low/middle income urb an dwellers use charcoal to augment their domestic ene rgy needs (Eric 1994, Olabiuisi 2011). Persistent/increased use of charcoal for cooking fuel will surely le ad to increased desertification, loss of farmland to erosion and serious negative impact on the environment.
Biomass
Most developing countries use biomass energy for cooking. Broadly speaking, sources of biomass include wood, energy crops, agricultural resi due, food waste and industrial wastes. Report from di fferent research groups indicates that the potential of b iomass energy in Nigeria is very high (Akinwande et. al. 2013, Lawali and Bubuche 2013, Edward and Paul, 2013). The advantages of biomass energy if used in a sus tainable manner, forms a reasonable part of the carbo n cycle through arboricultural management or coppic ing. The use of biomass related materials for domesti c energy use in Nigeria due to unavailability and high cost of modern energy services has been reported by various authors (Danshehu et. al. 1992, Bolaji 2005, Mo moh and Soaga 1999, Akinbami et. al. 2001, Ladipo et. al., 2002, Onyekuru and Eboh 2011). Unsustainable us e of biomass has antecedent problems hence harnessing biomass energy need to be done in a sustainable manner in order to reap its immense benefits.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
AREA OF STUDY
Nasarawa is a Local Government Area in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Nasarawa, located at 8°32’N 7°42’E, with a population of 30,949 (2016). The local government area has an area of 5,704 km2 and a population of 189,835 at the 2006 census.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research designs are perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by the researcher whereby different components of the study are integrated in a logical manner to effectively address a research problem. In this study, the researcher employed the survey research design. This is due to the nature of the study whereby the opinion and views of people are sampled.
POPULATION OF THE STUDY
According to Udoyen (2019), a study population is a group of elements or individuals as the case may be, who share similar characteristics. These similar features can include location, gender, age, sex or specific interest. The emphasis on study population is that it constitute of individuals or elements that are homogeneous in description.
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
A study sample is simply a systematic selected part of a population that infers its result on the population. In essence, it is that part of a whole that represents the whole and its members share characteristics in like similitude (Udoyen, 2019). In this study, the researcher adopted the simple random sampling (srs.) method to determine the sample size.
SAMPLE SIZE SELECTION TECHNIQUE AND PROCEDURE
According to Nwana (2005), sampling techniques are procedures adopted to systematically select the chosen sample in a specified away under controls. This research work adopted the convenience sampling technique in selecting the respondents from the total population
A total sample size of 150 respondents was selected from the research population using the convenient sampling method. According to Torty (2021), a sample of convenience is the terminology used to describe a sample in which elements have been selected from the target population on the basis of their accessibility or convenience to the researcher.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis of data derived through the questionnaire and key informant interview administered on the respondents in the study area. The analysis and interpretation were derived from the findings of the study. The data analysis depicts the simple frequency and percentage of the respondents as well as interpretation of the information gathered. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) questionnaires were administered to respondents of which only one hundred (100) were returned and validated. This was due to irregular, incomplete and inappropriate responses to some questionnaire. For this study a total of 100 was validated for the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION
In this study, our focus was to carryout a statistics analysis on the consumption of kerosene in Nasarawa Local Government, Nasarawa State. The study specifically was aimed at analyzing the rate / level of consumption of kerosene as source of household energy in Nasarawa Local government of Nasarawa state.
The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 100 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent are residents of Nasarawa LGA, Nasarawa State.
The findings revealed that the high cost of kerosene and its unavailability has a significant effect on its consumption level in Nasarawa.
RECOMMENDATION
Based on the responses obtained, the researcher proffers the following recommendations:
Adequate forest management, supervision and control practices should be put in place in Nasarawa LGA so that the increase of charcoal users does not have serious negative impact on forested area. There should be establishment of woodlot, forest plantation, urban forestry and establishment of fast growing wood species in home garden from sawdust for the provision of wood to reduce dependency on kerosine.
The use of bioenergy like briquettes and biogas from wastes and sawdust materials should be encouraged and maximized.
Policymakers should take adequate steps to ensure Nigerian household have access to modern and efficient sources of energy. For instance, Power Holding of Nigeria (PHCN), cooking gas, solar energy and kerosene as Nigeria is one of the major oil producing countries in the world.
The high cost of kerosine should be review and reduced to enable Nigerians to be able to afford it when needed and it should be mader available all the time.
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