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Food Science and Technology Project Topics

Quality Assessment of Sweet Roll Donut Sold in Makurdi Town Benue State

Quality Assessment of Sweet Roll Donut Sold in Makurdi Town Benue State

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Quality Assessment of Sweet Roll Donut Sold in Makurdi Town Benue State

Chapter One

Objectives of study

Theย objectivesย ofย theย studyย wereย to;

  1. evaluate the effects of supplementing wheat flour with pigeon pea and cassava flour on a sweet donut roll.
  2. evaluate the quality assessment of sweet donut rolls made from wheat-cassava-pigeon pea flour blends, and

CHAPTER TWOย 

LITERATUREย REVIEW

ย Wheat

Wheat is the worldโ€™s third most important crop after maize and rice. Worldwide, wheatย flour is used as the raw material for baking. The gluten protein in wheat makes it a uniqueย substrate for breadmaking.ย The three main types of wheat are soft, hard, and durum. Unlikeย hardย andย durumย wheats,ย whichย areย usedย mainlyย forย breadย andย pastaย products,ย respectively,ย softย wheat has more than one major use, Including cookies, cakes, crackers and pretzels (Hoseneyย 1998).

The protein content varies significantly in wheat varieties and it ranges between 10 andย 15% (Anjum and Walker, 2000). Wheat proteins contain albumins, globulins, gliadins andย glutenins. While albumins and globulins are soluble in water and salt solution, respectively,ย gliadinsย andย gluteninsย areย collectivelyย calledย glutenย andย areย insolubleย inย waterย andย saltย solution.

Itย hasย beenย shownย thatย theย glutenย proteinsย areย responsibleย forย theย cohesive,ย viscoelastic property of wheat flour dough and the doughโ€™s ability to retain gas during fermentation as wellย as dough setting during baking (Hoseney, 1998). To form cohesive and viscoelastic dough,ย gluten requires adequate hydration and kneading to promote cross linkages between gluteninsย and gliadins.

Glutenย proteins

Among the cereal flours, only wheat flour has the ability to form gluten proteins whenย mixedย withย waterย toย formย aย viscoelasticย materialย thatย retainsย gas,ย resultingย inย highย qualityย baked products. Hundreds of protein components which are present as either monomers or, linked byย interchain disulfideย bonds,ย asย oligomersย andย polymersย makeย upย theย glutenย proteins (Wrigleyย andย Beitz,ย 1998).ย Theyย areย uniqueย becauseย theyย areย characterizedย byย highย contentsย ofย glutamineย and proline, but are low in basic amino acids like lysine. The low content of basic amino acidsย implies that the level of electrical charges is very low.ย Thus, the low-charge density enhancesย interaction among the molecules forming the gluten, a condition that appears to be extremelyย necessaryย for doughย formationย (Hoseney,ย 1998).

The amino acid composition of gluten proteins also shows that about 35% of the totalย aminoย acidsย haveย hydrophobicย sideย chainsย andย henceย theย polarย sidesย areย notย accommodatedย inย the hydrophobic core of the protein (Hoseney, 1998). As a result, there is an increasedย hydrophobic interaction between gluten proteins. The hydrophobic interactions significantlyย contribute to the stabilization of gluten structure. In addition, the tendency of hydrophobicย interactions to increase in energy with increasing temperature provides even more stabilityย duringย theย bakingย process.

Gliadin molecules have intra-molecular disulfide linkages resulting in a compact andย globular shape. Compared to glutenins, gliadins have a low molecular weight of about 40,000ย (Hoseney, 1998).ย The presence of disulfide bonds explains the need to knead the dough toย break disulfide bonds between adjacent chains and realign them to form a continuous proteinย sheet (Stauffer 1998). When hydrated, gliadins have little or no resistance to extension, and areย responsibleย forย theย doughโ€™s cohesiveness.

Glutenin proteins are a heterogeneous group of proteins and multichained, linked byย interchainย disulfideย bonds,ย withย averageย molecularย weightsย ofย aboutย 3ย millionย (Hoseney,ย 1998).

The high molecular weight of glutenins has been recognized as one of the main contributingย factors to wheatโ€™s desirable dough properties and baking performance. Physically, the protein isย resilient and rubbery but not prone to rupture and gives the wheat dough its property ofย resistanceย toย extensionย (Hoseney, 1998).

Cassava(Manihotย esculenta,ย Crantz)

Cassava is an important source of food and income throughout the tropics, includingย Africa, Asia and Latin America. About 600 million people in Africa, Asia and Latin Americaย depend on the plant for their survival, deriving calories and income from the roots and leavesย (IFAD, 2008). Cassava production in Africa has more than tripled since 1961, from 33 millionย metric tons per year to 101 million metric tons, making the continent the largest producer inย the world (IFAD, 2008). Advantages of cassava as a crop include flexibility in planting andย harvesting time, drought tolerance, and ability of cassava to grow and produce in low nutrientย soils,ย whereย cerealsย andย otherย cropsย do notย growย well (Onwueme, 1978; Nassar,ย 2005).

In Malawi, cassava is the most important root crop. Cassava plays an important role as aย cash crop for smallholder farmers, middlemen, as well as sellers in various markets, and isย gradually becoming an important industrial crop (Benesi et al., 2001). It is grown country wideย and is a staple food crop for more than 30% of the population along the central and northernย lake shore areas of Lake Malawi and the Shire highlands (Moyo et al., 1998). Country wide,ย cassava is used as a food supplement, a main part of breakfast, and snack food (Moyo et al.,ย 1998). Cassava leaves are an excellent source of protein compared to legumes and areย commonlyย consumedย asย vegetables inย manyย partsย ofย the country.ย Theย fresh cassavaย leaves contain 17-18% dry weight protein (FAO, 1993). The leaves are particularly important in the dryย season whenย otherย green vegetablesย areย inย shortย supply.

 

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CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALSย ANDย METHODS

ย ย Introduction

Sweet donut roll used for this study was purchased at Makurdi town, while wheat flour and other ingredients were purchased from Ojuwoye market, Makurdi, both in Benue State, Nigeria.

Preparation of sweet donut roll flour

Bambara groundnut flour was prepared as described by Enwere (1998) and Ade-Omowaye et al. (2008), Figure 1. Two kilogram (2 kg) of clean whole- some sweet donut roll seeds were soaked with deionized water for 4 hours. The seeds were thereafter drained and dried in a tray drier (Model No SED-12, Shivang Furnaces and Oven PVT LTD, India) at 60ยฐC for 12 h. The dried seeds were dehulled manually, boiled at 100ยฐC for 30 min and further dried in the tray dryer at 65ยฐC for 6 h. During drying, the seeds were stirred at intervals of 20 mins to ensure uniform drying. After that, the seeds were immediately cooled and milled using attrition mill (Model No SK-30-SS, PAAB Metal Works, Ikotun, Benue, Nigeria) and sieved with 500ฮผm mesh sieve followed by packaging in polyethylene bags.

ย Preparation of doughnut

Prior to the production of doughnut, sweet donut roll flour was blended with wheat flour as shown in Table 1. The doughnut samples were produced with slight modification to the method of Paraggon Book Service (2013) as shown in Figure 2. The basic formulation consists of 100% blended flour, 30% fat, 1 egg, 10% sugar, 10% yeast, and 20% milk. The wheatโ€“sweet donut roll flour used was poured into a clean bowl and baking fat gradually incorporated and mixed together vigorously. Yeast was dissolved with the already diluted milk and poured into the flour and mixed together with the salt, sugar, and egg. After mixing and proper kneading, dough formed was carefully kept in a warm environment prior to proofing (intermediate proofing). Deep frying of the dough in hot vegetable oil followed to obtain doughnuts. This method was repeated for each flour blend to obtain different samples of doughnut.

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Proximateย compositionย ofย flourย obtainedย fromย wheat/sweet donut rollย flourย blendsย are shown in Table 2. The moisture content (%) of the flour samples rangedย betweenย 12.78ย ยฑย 0.05โ€“12.88ย ยฑย 0.05.ย Theย moistureย contentย ofย ALEย (100%ย wheatย flour), DEL (90:10, wheat: sweet donut roll), PIE (80:20 wheat: sweet donut roll) andย ROWย (70:30ย wheat:ย sweet donut roll)ย wereย 12.78ย ยฑย 0.05,ย 12.66ย ยฑย 0.1,ย 12.75ย ยฑย 0.05ย andย 12.88ย ยฑย 0.05,ย respectively.ย Theseย valuesย agreedย withย theย findingsย ofย Adeyeye andย Akingbalaย (2015)ย forย acceptableย moistureย forย flourย forย baking.ย Thereย wasย directย relationshipย betweenย proteinย contentย ofย theย flourย blendsย andย sweet donut rollย flourย addition,ย asย proteinย increasedย steadilyย withย increaseย inย enrichmentย withย sweet donut rollย flourย fromย 10.25ย ยฑย 0.01%โˆ’11.78ย ยฑย 0.02%ย amongstย samples.

It has also been reported that when legume proteins were supplementedย with those of cereals, there was synergistic effect of the protein quality, i.e.,ย theย proteinย qualityย isย betterย thanย thoseย obtainedย fromย singleย plantย originย (Mensah & Tomkins, 2003). This synergistic effect was also observed for fat,ย ash,ย andย fiberย contents,ย whichย increasedย asย theย proportionย ofย sweet donut rollย flourย increasedย rangingย fromย 1.63ย ยฑย 0.01โ€“2.23ย ยฑย 0.00%,ย 0.79ย ยฑย 0.02โ€“ 1.88 ยฑ 0.01%, and 3.58 ยฑ 0.01โ€“4.02 ยฑ 0.01%, respectively. The fat, ash, andย fiber contents of the flour were observed to increase with an increase in theย levelย ofย additionย ofย wheatย flourย withย sweet donut rollย flour.

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

Inย conclusion,ย thisย studyย showedย thatย replacementย ofย wheatย flourย withย sweet donut rollย flourย promotesย productionย ofย doughnutsย withย considerableย improvementย inย theย proteinย contentย andย otherย mineralย contentsย ofย theย flour. Doughnuts produced with addition of sweet donut roll flour with up toย 10% substitution in wheat flour will produce a more nutritionally balancedย and acceptable product at no significant added cost and as well as promoteย utilizationย ofย bambaraย groundnut,ย anย under-utilizedย crop.

The water absorption capacity (WAC) of CF was significantly higher than WAC values ofย control (WF) and flour blends. WAC of CF was approximately six times higher than that of theย control flour. Supplementation with CF resulted in a slight increase in WAC of the flour blends.ย Inย theย sameย line,ย theย oilย absorptionย capacityย (OAC)ย ofย CFย wasย higherย thanย ofย controlย andย blendedย flours. In addition, the swelling power (SP) of CF was significantly higher than those of controlย and flour blends. The behavior exhibited by flour samples on WAC and OAC reveal theirย molecular structure.

At each of the temperatures studied (70 and 80 degrees C); the flour viscosities amongย samples were statistically different. CF exhibited the greatest flour viscosity at bothย temperatures compared to control and flour blends. As the levels of supplementation wereย increased, the viscosity of flour blends slightly increased. This was due to addition of CF atย increased levels. The low viscosities of WF and PPF are related to the cohesiveness of the starchย moleculesย ofย theย flours.

Among the physical properties of bread, loaf volume was negatively affected due to theย dilution of gluten as CF and PPF were added at high levels. Conversely, bread loaf weightย increased with the supplementation of non-wheat flours and became denser as the proportionย of CF and PPF were increased in the formulation. In general, wheat bread had superior bakingย quality attributes compared to blended flour breads.ย More studies on the use of non-wheatย flours alongside wheat flour (WF) are suggested to explore alternatives on how best to improveย the baking quality of blended flour bread. On the other hand, supplementation of WF with non-ย wheat flours greatly improved the physical properties of cookies, including weight, diameter,ย height,ย andย spreadย ratio.ย Theย greatestย cookieย weight,ย diameterย andย spreadย ratioย wereย foundย for cookies with the highest amounts of CF and PPF, whereas the control cookies had the lowestย values forย allย parameters.

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