Public Health Expenditure and Health Outcomes in Nigeria 1986-2016
CHAPTER ONE
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
It is pertinent to say that the main objective of this study is to investigate public health expenditure and health outcomes in Nigeria 1986-2016, but to aid the successful completion of the study the researcher intends to to achieve the following specific objective;
- To examine the relationship between public health expenditure and health outcomes in Nigeria;
- To ascertain the relationship between literacy rate and health outcomes in Nigeria; and
- To assess the relationship between environmental factors and health outcomes in Nigeria.
- To evaluate the impact of public health expenditure on the life expectancy level of Nigerians.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction
Conventional wisdom holds that health is central to human general well-being, as well as a prerequisite for increased productivity, and overall economic growth and development of an economy. Health is also a driving force upon which other human capitals such as education, skills, etc, rely on. Oni (2014) posits that healthy workers lose less time from work and are more productive when working. According to (WHO, 2005), good health has the consequence of widespread economic growth, and an escape of ill – health traps in poverty. As pointed out by Barro (1996), health is a capital productive asset and an engine of growth. Therefore, it is rather instructive to appreciate how dramatic the improvements in World’s Health have been over the past decades. In 1950, some 280 out of every 1000 children in developing countries died before their fifth birthday. By the year 2000, the number had reduced to 126 per 1000 in low-income countries, 39 per 1000 in middle-income countries, and 6 per 1000 in high-income countries (Todaro and Smith, 2006). This is the result of total eradication of some important killer diseases such as small pox as well as some major childhood illnesses such as rubella and polio, through the use of vaccines. Following the reports of the World Health Organization (2005), about fifty percent of economic growth differentials between developed and developing nations are attributed to ill-health, and low life expectancy. This is because developed countries spend higher proportion of their Gross Domestic Products (GDP) in providing health care services to their citizens, while some of the developing countries exhibit great variability in health care expenditure. The reports also show that there exists very great variability in the performance of health system at each income level, and in each country. According to the same report, both developed and developing countries were ranked according to the proportion of income spent on health care. While Singapore was ranked 6th, Costa Rica was 36th with Colombia, Chile, and Morocco as 22nd, 23rd and 29th respectively. However, it should be noted that all of these developing countries ranked higher than the United States. This is an indication that much can be done with relatively modest income. Economic theory has established a positive mutual interaction between the health of a worker and his productivity.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design
The researcher used descriptive research survey design in building up this project work the choice of this research design was considered appropriate because of its advantages of identifying attributes of a large population from a group of individuals. The design was suitable for the study as the study sought to examine the impact public expenditure and the health outcomes in Nigeria
Sources of data collection
Data were collected from two main sources namely:
Primary source:
These are materials of statistical investigation which were collected by the research for a particular purpose. They can be obtained through a survey, observation questionnaire or as experiment; the researcher has adopted the questionnaire method for this study.
Secondary source:
These are data from textbook Journal handset etc. they arise as byproducts of the same other purposes. Example administration, various other unpublished works and write ups were also used.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Introduction
Efforts will be made at this stage to present, analyze and interpret the data collected during the field survey. This presentation will be based on the responses from the completed questionnaires. The result of this exercise will be summarized in tabular forms for easy references and analysis. It will also show answers to questions relating to the research questions for this research study. The researcher employed simple percentage in the analysis.
DATA ANALYSIS
The data collected from the respondents were analyzed in tabular form with simple percentage for easy understanding.
A total of 133(one hundred and thirty three) questionnaires were distributed and 133 questionnaires were returned.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to evaluate public health expenditure and health outcomes in Nigeria.
In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges of public health expenditure and health outcomes in Nigeria.
- Summary
The study is a survey approach to the examination of the relationship between government health expenditure and health outcomes in Nigeria during the period 1986 – 2016. Unlike the previous studies which relied on the traditional chi-square test for such purpose. This study examined the relationship between life expectancy and government expenditure on health in Nigeria between 1986 and 2016.In the study, some relevant concept were discussed. Also, empirical literature on the topic were presented. From the presentation of these empirical literature, the study was able to discover the existing gaps in the literature. From the empirical result based on forecast error variance decomposition, the highest shocks to the life expectancy was accounted for by the share of government expenditure on health. Also, the growth rate of output contributed indirect and marginal input on life expectancy. Two variables were equally contributed significantly to the life expectancy in the study.
- Conclusion
This study had examined public health expenditure and health outcomes in Nigeria. Based on the findings of this study, it was seen that public health expenditure has a negative relationship with health outcomes in Nigeria. Several factors such as air pollution, hospitals, provision of adequate drugs amongst others were identified as being important in determining health outcomes in Nigeria. Therefore, policy makers must take note of this and implement policies which will give good and favourable results. Health and environmental factors also go hand in hand, and they should be given adequate attention as well.
Recommendations
Based on these findings, it is recommended that for the Nigerian government to achieve high and sustainable life expectancy, the share of government expenditure on health should be increased. Also, to reduce the carbon dioxide emission, planting of trees and grasses should be strength then.
Reference
- Agenor, P.R (2007): “Health and Infrastructure in a model of Endogenous Growth” Journal of Macroeconomics Vol. 28, 768.774.
- Bakare, A.S and Sanmi, O. (2011). Health Care Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Study. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 2 (2): 83-87.
- Barro R.J. (1991). Economic Growth in Cross-Section of Countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2): 407- 413.
- Barro, R.J (1996) : Health and economic growth, Mimeo. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
- Barro, R.J. and Sala-I-Martin, X. (1992). The Positive Effect of Health on Economic Development. Review of Economic Studies, 59:645-661.
- Bloom, D. E., & Canning, D. (2009; 2012): Healthy Populations tend to have Higher Productivity due to their Greater Physical Energy and Mental Clearness.
- Bloom, D.E., Canning, D. and Sevilla, J. (2004). The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: A production function approach”. World Development, 32(1): 1- 13.
