Predisposing Factors of Gonorrhea Among Youths

Predisposing Factors of Gonorrhea Among Youths

Chapter One

AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study is therefore aimed at examining the predisposing factors of gonorrhea among youths. The aim was achieved through the following objectives which are to;

1. assess the level of knowledge of gonorrhea among the population in the study area.
2. examine the prevalence rate of gonorrhea in the study area.
3. analyze the factors influencing knowledge and prevalence of gonorrhea in the study area.
4. examine the socio-economic factors influencing knowledge and prevalence of gonorrhea in the study area.

CHAPTER TWO

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW

 INTRODUCTION  

Sexually transmitted diseases are a group of diseases acquired through any sexually related activity or behaviour. The route of transmission is largely dependent on individual behaviour (Centre for Disease Control, 2010; World Health Organization, 2011). The infection can be spread through oral, vaginal, or anal sex, or through contact with blood during sexual activity. Although uncommon, transmission can also occur through direct contact with affected body parts, tissue, or body fluids of infected persons. Some gonorrhea such as hepatitis B can also be transmitted through sharing or using unsterilized needles (CDC, 2010). Vertical transmission, where the mother passes the infection to her child in utero or during childbirth, is also possible.

HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis are infections which can be transmitted in this way (CDC, 2010).

The term gonorrhea describes diseases caused by more than 30 different bacteria, viruses and parasites which are transmitted through sexual intercourse. The common feature of these infections is their mode of transmission and not their cause, origin, clinical features or consequences (WHO, 2011). The most common gonorrhea are the bacterial infections such as chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhoea and the viral infections such as human papillomavirus (HPV), HIV and hepatitis B (CDC, 2009). If not detected on time or left untreated, these infections can have long-lasting adverse effects. gonorrhea such as HIV and HPV can be asymptomatic over long periods of time while the signs and symptoms of others such as genital herpes can be mild and passing. As a result no attention is paid to them leading not only to delayed diagnosis and treatment, but also increasing the chances of infections being passed on unaware during unprotected sexual intercourse. If untreated, gonorrhea can lead to complications such as pelvic inflammatory diseases, ectopic pregnancies or infertility in women, or epididymitis in men (MacDonald and Brunham, 1997; Simms and Stephenson, 2000).

In its guidelines for surveillance of gonorrhea published in 1999, the WHO described gonorrhea as a major global health problem leading to acute illness, long-term disability and death, with serious medical and psychological consequences for millions of men, women and infants (WHO 1999). Some common gonorrhea include the following; Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, HIV, HPV, Chlamydia, Hepatitis B, Genital herpes and Trichomoniasis. HIV and syphilis are life threatening, hepatitis B, HPV and HIV predispose to malignancy, and gonorrhoea and chlamydia affect fertility (CDC, 2013). Chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis can be cured using antibiotics, while HIV is treatable but not curable. Most Hepatitis B and HPV infections are cleared by the immune system within a few months (Kirwan and Herrington, 2001; WHO, 2011). Chronic forms of Hepatitis B are however not well treatable and persistent HPV infections can cause cervical and other forms of cancer. Furthermore, HPV infection can cause genital warts, which can be treated using topical creams or cryotherapy, but may also disappear on their own (WHO, 2011; CDC, 2013).

Global Burden of gonorrhea  

The highest burden of curable gonorrhea and HIV/AIDS is shared by the poorest countries of the world. WHO had estimated in 1999 that a total of 340 million people were newly infected with four gonorrhea. Out of this 12 million with syphilis, 92 million with Chlamydia, 62 million with gonorrhoea and the highest number of 174 million with trichomoniasis. It was estimated that a total of 150 million cases occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa and 65 million in south and Southeast Asia (WHO, 2001).

Similarly, the HIV prevalence among adults is 0.1% among developed countries, whereas 7.5% to 8.5% in worst hit areas of Africa. African countries occupied 70 % (28.5 million) of the global HIV burden. It is estimated that every day 14 000 individuals become infected with HIV with almost all cases occurring in lowincome countries and majority (86%) of them are adults (WHO, 2003). The economic and social cost of HIV/AIDS is immense. gonorrhea related complications are the fifth major cause for seeking care when it comes to adults . Among young women, gonorrhea is the second major cause of healthy life year‟s loss (Shrestha, 2002). HIV becomes the main killer of adults in their prime productive age. Still more, HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of DALYs by 7.4% in adult males. Among adult females, HIV is the second greatest cause of DALYs (7.2%) after unipolar depressive disorders. In the highly HIV affected countries of Africa like Botswana and Zimbabwe, an estimated decrease in life expectancy by 40 years, also now nearly half of deaths among adult people is due to HIV/AIDS. These countries experienced a 2 to 4% drop in GDP. In addition an estimated 14 million children become orphans, out of them 11 million live in Africa (UNAIDS, 2002; WHO, 2003).

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CHAPTER THREE

STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the characteristics of the study area on one hand which encompasses location, climate, vegetation, geology, drainage, soils, people and culture, economy and health services. It also deals with the methodology of the study on the other hand.

THE STUDY AREA

Location

Kaduna Metropolis is the capital city of Kaduna State and the fourth largest city in the country. Kaduna metropolis is located between Latitude 10⁰27’0”N and 10⁰36’0”N and Longitude 7⁰22’30”E and 7⁰30’0”E (Figure 3.1). It occupies an area of about 260Km²; the distance between the eastern and western limit of the city is approximately 13.7Km (Ajibuah 2008).

The Metropolis is made up of two main Local Government Areas (LGA); Kaduna North, and Kaduna South, but also extends to Igabi and Chikun LGAs. The parts of Igabi that falls within the metropolis are; Rigasa, Rigachikun and Mando, while Zokoriko, kudenda, Nassarawa, Gonin-Gora, Ungwan/Romi, Ugwan/Yelwa, Ugwan/Sunday, Sabon Tasha, Ugwan/Boro, Narayi, Ungwan/Maigero and Bayan Dutse are the parts of Chikun LGA respectively.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

 INTRODUCTION

This chapter examines the findings of the research based on the knowledge and prevalence of gonorrhea in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna state. The chapter discusses the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of respondents; location of respondent, age distribution, educational attainment, marital status, religion, region, income, occupation and marital union, accommodation in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna state.

CHAPTER FIVE

GONORRHEAS

 INTRODUCTION

 This chapter is focused on the factors of gonorrhea contracted within the last five years along gender lines, level of knowledge of gonorrhea and prevalence rate of gonorrhea was analyzed using charts, frequency tables, and crosstabulation. Determinant factors influencing knowledge and prevalence of gonorrhea, socio-economic factors influencing knowledge and prevalence of gonorrhea in Kaduna metropolis were analyzed using multiple regression analysis.

CHAPTER SIX

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

INTRODUCTION

Gonorrhea are infections that can be transferred from one person to another during sexual activity. Knowledge and prevalence of gonorrhea in Kaduna metropolis was conducted using questionnaires administered and Focused Group Discussions in Kaduna North, Kaduna South, Parts of Chikun and Igabi Local Government Areas. The research has attempted to characterize the factors of gonorrhea, assess level of knowledge and prevalence rate of gonorrhea. The study also analyzed the socio-economic factors and risk factors influencing knowledge and prevalence of gonorrhea in the study area.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

It was inferred from the study that majority of respondents rely on T.V/Radio for information about gonorrhea, which shows the importance and reliability of the media – Television and Radio as means of communication. Also, the findings indicated that greater proportion about 96 % of respondent are aware of gonorrhea which was attributed to efforts by NGOs, both private and public organizations in awareness campaigns. The chi square analysis on the relationship between sex and knowledge of gonorrhea indicate that there is no significant relationship between sex and knowledge of gonorrhea.

The 5year prevalence rate of gonorrhea revealed Chikun as the highest with 40 %, Kaduna South is 59.9 %, Kaduna North is 53.8 %, Igabi has the lowest prevalence rate of 43.6 %. The study also showed a significant relationship between age group and prevalence of gonorrhea in Kaduna metropolis, where respondents within age group 20-24 have the highest prevalence of gonorrhea. Also, there was no significant relationship between gender and prevalence of gonorrhea in the metropolis.

The factors found to have significant relationship with knowledge of gonorrhea in the study area includes; age, religion, education level, occupation, and income. while number of sexual partners, frequency of condom use, knowledge of gonorrhea, use of shared toilet facilities, and HIV/AIDs screening were found to have significant relationship with prevalence of gonorrhea in the study area.

The result for socioeconomic factors influencing knowledge of gonorrhea in the study area revealed a significant relationship with education, occupation, income and region as the major factors, while education, occupation, accommodation type, and income level as socioeconomic factors revealed significant relationship with prevalence of gonorrhea in Kaduna metropolis.

 CONCLUSION

This research has examined the predisposing factors of gonorrhea in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna State. The chi square analysis revealed no significant relationship between sex and knowledge of gonorrhea. Majority of respondents rely on T.V/Radio for information about gonorrhea with greater proportion of respondents aware of gonorrhea which was attributed to efforts by NGOs, both private and public organizations in awareness campaigns. Chikun showed high prevalence rate followed by Kaduna South, Kaduna North and Igabi in that order, where respondents within age group 20-24 have the highest prevalence of gonorrhea.

This study recognized age, religion, education level, occupation, and income as important determinant factors influencing knowledge of gonorrhea. The number of sexual partners, frequency of condom use, knowledge of gonorrhea, use of shared toilet facilities, and HIV/AIDs screening were recognized to be the determinant factors influencing prevalence of gonorrhea. While education, occupation, income level, religion and accommodation type were found to be the most important socioeconomic factors influencing knowledge and prevalence of gonorrhea in Kaduna metropolis.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The importance of socio-economic and behavioral factors influencing knowledge and prevalence of gonorrhea cannot be overemphasized. Considering the threat posed by gonorrhea and its high prevalence in the study area as concluded from the study, it is recommended that:

Government and family members should provide more support to those already infected by gonorrhea like HIV/AIDs. Stigmatization should be discouraged and access to medical facilities should be improved by the government, also community counseling through regular meeting between community leaders and health workers on gonorrhea should be employed and or promoted by the local government authorities. ii.School counselors should organize group guidance programme in the secondary and tertiary institutions, churches and recreational centers with the aim of educating the young and the elderly about gonorrhea. The contents of the programme should be on ways to reduce the risk of gonorrhea. The Federal, State and Local Government should assist the psychologists, guidance and counsellors in providing pamphlets and printed materials on STD and HIV/AIDS education. This should be made available to the target population through the churches, communities, schools and other gatherings.

iii. Efforts should be stepped up on the ethical and moral values within places of religious worship. The government and private organizations should reawaken moral instruction in schools, inform people and help them make intelligent decisions and take actions that will improve or promote health, it should enlighten the public about the problems of gonorrhea and help them secure support for gonorrhea control and prevention as well as educate people about the risk factors contributing to gonorrhea.

Recommendations for Further Studies

1. More research should focus on coping mechanism for those already infected with gonorrhea.
2. Studies should be carried out on the prevalence rate of each of the gonorrhea dominant in the study area.
3. Further studies on gonorrhea should focus more on a lager sample size with a wider scope to provide a robust view at state and national level.

REFERENCE

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• Center for Disease Control, (2011) 10 Ways gonorrhea Impact Women Differently from Men. April, 2011. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/gonorrhea-Women- 042011.pdf. Last accessed 14 December 2013.
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