Perception and Effects of Psychoactive Substance Use on the Health of Young Adults in Ekpan Community, Uviwe Local Government Area, Effrun, Delta State, Nigeria
Chapter One
Objective of the study
The following research objectives are ascertained;
- To ascertain the influence of young adults’ initiation, frequency, and patterns of psychoactive substance use
- To know the physical, mental, and social health consequences associated with psychoactive substance use among young adults
- To know extent do misperceptions about the safety or harmlessness of certain substances contribute to risky use behaviors and exacerbate health consequences
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEWED OF RELATED LITERATURE
Perception of Psychoactive Substance Use
Perception of psychoactive substance use encompasses individuals’ attitudes, beliefs, and subjective understandings of the use of substances that alter brain function and behavior. Research in psychology and public health has explored various aspects of perception, shedding light on its complexity and influence on substance use behaviors. Here’s an overview:
Social Norms and Acceptability:
Young adults’ perceptions of psychoactive substance use are often influenced by perceived social norms and acceptability within their peer groups and broader social contexts. Research by Borsari and Carey (2001) found that college students’ perceptions of peer alcohol use were significantly associated with their own drinking behavior, indicating the influence of perceived norms on individual behavior.
Risk and Benefit Perception:
Perception of the risks and benefits associated with psychoactive substance use plays a crucial role in shaping individuals’ attitudes and behaviors. For example, research by McCabe et al. (2005) found that college students’ perceptions of the risks and benefits of prescription stimulants were associated with their nonmedical use of these substances.
Media and Cultural Influences:
Media portrayals and cultural representations of substance use also shape individuals’ perceptions and attitudes toward psychoactive substances. Studies have shown that exposure to glamorized depictions of substance use in media can influence adolescents’ perceptions of the prevalence and acceptability of substance use (Primack et al., 2008).
Cognitive Biases and Heuristics:
Cognitive biases and heuristics, such as availability heuristic and optimistic bias, can influence individuals’ perceptions of the risks and consequences associated with substance use. Research by Sheeran et al. (2016) found that optimistic bias, wherein individuals perceive themselves as less likely than others to experience negative outcomes from substance use, was associated with increased alcohol consumption.
TYPES OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES
Types of psychoactive substances encompass a wide range of chemicals that affect brain function and alter consciousness, mood, perception, cognition, or behavior. These substances can be categorized into several classes, each with its own unique effects and risks:
Alcohol:
Alcohol, primarily ethanol, is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances globally. It depresses the central nervous system, leading to effects such as relaxation, euphoria, impaired coordination, and cognitive impairment. Research by Rehm et al. (2018) provides comprehensive insights into the epidemiology, health effects, and societal burden of alcohol use.
Tobacco/Nicotine:
Tobacco contains nicotine, a highly addictive stimulant that acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. Nicotine produces stimulating effects such as increased alertness and enhanced mood, but it also leads to addiction and significant health risks, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. The work of Benowitz (2010) provides insights into the pharmacology and health effects of nicotine.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we described the research procedure for this study. A research methodology is a research process adopted or employed to systematically and scientifically present the results of a study to the research audience viz. a vis, the study beneficiaries.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research designs are perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by the researcher whereby different components of the study are integrated in a logical manner to effectively address a research problem. In this study, the researcher employed the survey research design. This is due to the nature of the study whereby the opinion and views of people are sampled. According to Singleton & Straits, (2009), Survey research can use quantitative research strategies (e.g., using questionnaires with numerically rated items), qualitative research strategies (e.g., using open-ended questions), or both strategies (i.e., mixed methods). As it is often used to describe and explore human behaviour, surveys are therefore frequently used in social and psychological research.
POPULATION OF THE STUDY
According to Udoyen (2019), a study population is a group of elements or individuals as the case may be, who share similar characteristics. These similar features can include location, gender, age, sex or specific interest. The emphasis on study population is that it constitutes of individuals or elements that are homogeneous in description.
This study was carried to examine perception and effect of the use of psychoactive substance on the health of young adults. Ekpan community uviwe local government area Effrun Delta state Nigeria form the population of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis of data derived through the questionnaire and key informant interview administered on the respondents in the study area. The analysis and interpretation were derived from the findings of the study. The data analysis depicts the simple frequency and percentage of the respondents as well as interpretation of the information gathered. A total of eighty (80) questionnaires were administered to respondents of which only seventy-seven (77) were returned and validated. This was due to irregular, incomplete and inappropriate responses to some questionnaire. For this study a total of 77 was validated for the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to ascertain perception and effect of the use of psychoactive substance on the health of young adults ( Ekpan community uviwe local government area Effrun Delta state Nigeria). In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing an perception and effect of the use of psychoactive substance on the health of young adults
Summary
This study was on perception and effect of the use of psychoactive substance on the health of young adults. Three objectives were raised which included: To ascertain the influence young adults’ initiation, frequency, and patterns of psychoactive substance use, to know the physical, mental, and social health consequences associated with psychoactive substance use among young adults and to know extent do misperceptions about the safety or harmlessness of certain substances contribute to risky use behaviors and exacerbate health consequences. A total of 77 responses were received and validated from the enrolled participants where all respondents were drawn from Ekpan community uviwe local government area Effrun Delta state Nigeria. Hypothesis was tested using Chi-Square statistical tool (SPSS).
Conclusion
In conclusion, this study has provided valuable insights into the perception and effects of psychoactive substance use on the health of young adults. Through a comprehensive examination of attitudes, behaviors, and health outcomes associated with substance use, several key findings have emerged.
Firstly, the study has highlighted the complex interplay of factors influencing young adults’ perceptions of psychoactive substances, including social and cultural norms, peer influences, and individual beliefs. These factors contribute to varied attitudes towards substance use, ranging from acceptance and experimentation to caution and abstinence.
Secondly, the research has elucidated the significant health effects of psychoactive substance use on young adults, encompassing physical, mental, emotional, and social dimensions. From immediate risks such as impaired judgment and accidents to long-term consequences such as addiction, mental health disorders, and chronic health conditions, the impact of substance use on young adults’ well-being is profound and multifaceted.
Furthermore, the study has identified various risk and protective factors that influence young adults’ vulnerability to the negative health effects of substance use. These factors include genetic predispositions, environmental influences, social support networks, and access to healthcare services, underscoring the importance of a holistic approach to addressing substance use among young adults.
Recommendation
Based on the findings of this study on the perception and effect of the use of psychoactive substances on the health of young adults, the following recommendations are proposed:
- Implement evidence-based prevention programs targeting young adults that address risk factors such as peer pressure, lack of knowledge about substance use consequences, and environmental influences. These programs should incorporate interactive educational sessions, skill-building activities, and peer-led interventions to empower young adults to make informed and healthy choices.
- Develop educational materials and campaigns tailored to the diverse cultural backgrounds and socio-economic contexts of young adults. These initiatives should provide accurate information about the risks and consequences of psychoactive substance use, challenge misconceptions, and promote positive social norms around responsible decision-making and substance-free lifestyles.
- Strengthen mental health support services for young adults, including early intervention programs, counseling, and peer support groups. Addressing underlying mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and trauma can reduce the likelihood of substance use as a coping mechanism and improve overall well-being.
- Foster partnerships between government agencies, educational institutions, healthcare providers, community organizations, and religious institutions to create a comprehensive network of support for young adults. Collaboration can enhance the reach and effectiveness of prevention, intervention, and treatment efforts, ensuring a coordinated response to substance abuse issues.
- Advocate for evidence-based policies and regulations that promote public health and safety regarding psychoactive substance use. This may include implementing restrictions on access to alcohol and tobacco products, regulating advertising and marketing practices targeting young adults, and enforcing age restrictions on the sale and consumption of substances.
References
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