Knowledge of sexual abuse and preventive measures among adolescent in selected secondary schools.
CHAPTER ONE
Objective of the study
The primary objective of this study is to assess the knowledge of sexual abuse and preventive measures among adolescents in selected secondary schools. Specifically, the study aims to:
- Determine the level of knowledge among adolescents regarding sexual abuse, including their understanding of what constitutes sexual abuse, its different forms, and associated risks.
- Identify socio-demographic factors influencing adolescents’ knowledge of sexual abuse, such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, and educational background.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of existing preventive measures implemented within secondary schools in addressing sexual abuse among adolescents.
- Examine the role of parents, schools, and the media in educating adolescents about sexual abuse and promoting preventive measures.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEWED OF RELATED LITERATURE
SEXUAL ABUSE
Sexual abuse is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses a range of behaviors and experiences involving non-consensual or coercive sexual activity. It is a pervasive form of interpersonal violence that can have profound and long-lasting effects on individuals’ physical, emotional, and psychological well-being.
Sexual abuse is commonly defined as any sexual activity or behavior that occurs without the explicit consent of one or more individuals. This can include a wide range of acts, such as unwanted touching, groping, fondling, sexual assault, rape, and exploitation. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines sexual abuse as “the involvement of children and adolescents in sexual activities that they do not fully comprehend, to which they are unable to give informed consent, or that violate the social taboos of family roles.” (World Health Organization, 2013)
Sexual abuse is a widespread problem affecting individuals of all ages, genders, and backgrounds. Research indicates that rates of sexual abuse vary across populations and contexts, but it is estimated that millions of people worldwide experience sexual abuse each year. The impact of sexual abuse can be profound and multifaceted, encompassing physical injuries, mental health disorders (such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder), substance abuse, self-harm, and suicidal ideation. (Pereda et al., 2009)
Perpetrators of sexual abuse can be individuals known to the victim (such as family members, intimate partners, or acquaintances) or strangers. Perpetrators often use coercion, manipulation, threats, or physical force to control and exploit their victims. Sexual abuse can occur in various settings, including homes, schools, workplaces, communities, and online platforms. The dynamics of sexual abuse are influenced by power imbalances, gender norms, cultural factors, and social contexts. (Finkelhor et al., 2014)
Child sexual abuse is a particularly egregious form of sexual abuse that involves the exploitation of minors for sexual gratification. It encompasses a range of behaviors, including molestation, incest, grooming, online exploitation, and commercial sexual exploitation. Child sexual abuse is associated with a host of adverse outcomes, including developmental delays, behavioral problems, relationship difficulties, and long-term psychological trauma. (Putnam, 2003)
Victims of sexual abuse often face victim blaming, stigma, and disbelief from society, which can compound their trauma and discourage disclosure. Victim blaming involves attributing responsibility or culpability to the victim rather than the perpetrator, perpetuating myths and misconceptions about sexual violence. Stigma surrounding sexual abuse can prevent victims from seeking help, accessing support services, and disclosing their experiences to others. (Ullman, 2010)
Preventing sexual abuse requires a multifaceted approach that addresses individual, interpersonal, community, and societal factors. Prevention efforts may include comprehensive sexuality education, promoting healthy relationships and boundaries, teaching consent and assertiveness skills, implementing policies and laws to protect victims and hold perpetrators accountable, and providing trauma-informed support services for survivors. Early intervention and support can mitigate the impact of sexual abuse and facilitate healing and recovery. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016)
Legal frameworks and ethical guidelines play a crucial role in addressing sexual abuse, ensuring justice for victims, and protecting their rights. Laws and policies may vary across jurisdictions but typically include provisions for prosecuting perpetrators, providing support services for victims, and promoting prevention and education initiatives. Ethical considerations in addressing sexual abuse include upholding confidentiality, informed consent, cultural sensitivity, and the principle of “do no harm.” (International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 2019)
Understanding the concept of sexual abuse is essential for raising awareness, challenging myths and misconceptions, supporting survivors, and advocating for systemic changes to prevent and address sexual violence effectively.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we described the research procedure for this study. A research methodology is a research process adopted or employed to systematically and scientifically present the results of a study to the research audience viz. a vis, the study beneficiaries.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research designs are perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by the researcher whereby different components of the study are integrated in a logical manner to effectively address a research problem. In this study, the researcher employed the survey research design. This is due to the nature of the study whereby the opinion and views of people are sampled. According to Singleton & Straits, (2009), Survey research can use quantitative research strategies (e.g., using questionnaires with numerically rated items), qualitative research strategies (e.g., using open-ended questions), or both strategies (i.e., mixed methods). As it is often used to describe and explore human behaviour, surveys are therefore frequently used in social and psychological research.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis of data derived through the questionnaire and key informant interview administered on the respondents in the study area. The analysis and interpretation were derived from the findings of the study. The data analysis depicts the simple frequency and percentage of the respondents as well as interpretation of the information gathered. A total of eighty (80) questionnaires were administered to respondents of which only seventy-seven (77) were returned and validated. This was due to irregular, incomplete and inappropriate responses to some questionnaire. For this study a total of 77 was validated for the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to ascertain a Knowledge of sexual abuse and preventive measures among adolescent in selected secondary schools. In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing an Knowledge of sexual abuse and preventive measures among adolescent in selected secondary schools.
Summary
This study was on Knowledge of sexual abuse and preventive measures among adolescent in selected secondary schools. Four objectives were raised which included: Determine the level of knowledge among adolescents regarding sexual abuse, including their understanding of what constitutes sexual abuse, its different forms, and associated risks, identify socio-demographic factors influencing adolescents’ knowledge of sexual abuse, such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, and educational background, evaluate the effectiveness of existing preventive measures implemented within secondary schools in addressing sexual abuse among adolescents and examine the role of parents, schools, and the media in educating adolescents about sexual abuse and promoting preventive measures. A total of 77 responses were received and validated from the enrolled participants where all respondents were drawn from selected secondary schools in Uyo, Akwa Ibom state. Hypothesis was tested using Chi-Square statistical tool (SPSS).
Conclusion
In conclusion, this study has provided valuable insights into the knowledge of sexual abuse and preventive measures among adolescents in selected secondary schools. Through the examination of theoretical frameworks such as social learning theory, ecological systems theory, health belief model, theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory, we have gained a deeper understanding of the factors influencing adolescents’ awareness, attitudes, and behaviors related to sexual abuse prevention.
Our findings highlight the importance of comprehensive sexuality education programs in schools, which can empower adolescents with accurate information about consent, boundaries, healthy relationships, and where to seek help if they experience or witness sexual abuse. Additionally, community resources, online platforms, healthcare providers, and peer support networks play crucial roles in providing adolescents with access to information, support, and resources related to sexual abuse prevention.
It is evident that addressing misconceptions, promoting awareness, and fostering open dialogue about sexual abuse are essential for creating safe and supportive environments for adolescents. By challenging myths, providing accurate information, and promoting preventive measures, stakeholders can empower adolescents to protect themselves, support their peers, and contribute to efforts to prevent sexual violence in their communities.
Recommendation
Based on the findings of this study on knowledge of sexual abuse and preventive measures among adolescents in selected secondary schools, several recommendations can be made to enhance efforts in sexual abuse prevention:
- Schools should prioritize the implementation of comprehensive sexuality education programs that cover topics such as consent, boundaries, healthy relationships, and where to seek help in cases of sexual abuse. These programs should be age-appropriate, culturally sensitive, and inclusive of diverse identities and experiences.
- Collaboration between schools, community organizations, healthcare providers, law enforcement agencies, and advocacy groups is essential for creating a coordinated response to sexual abuse prevention. Interdisciplinary partnerships can enhance access to resources, support services, and referrals for adolescents in need.
- Peer education programs and peer support networks can play a vital role in reaching adolescents and fostering open dialogue about sexual abuse prevention. Schools and community organizations should invest in training peer educators and establishing peer support groups to provide information, support, and advocacy for their peers.
- Efforts should be made to ensure that adolescents have access to confidential and culturally sensitive support services, including hotlines, counseling, medical care, and legal advocacy. Service providers should be trained in trauma-informed care and equipped to address the unique needs of adolescent survivors of sexual abuse.
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