Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Immunization Among Under-five Children of Mothers/Caregivers in Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
Chapter One
Objectives of the Study
The study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of immunisation among mothers or caregivers of under-five children in Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were as follows:
- To assess the level of knowledge about immunization among mothers or caregivers of under-five children in Ado Ekiti.
- To explore the attitudes of mothers or caregivers towards immunization in Ado Ekiti.
- To examine the immunization practices adopted by mothers or caregivers for their under-five children in Ado Ekiti.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
Conceptual Review
The Concept of Immunization
Immunization is a critical component of public health strategies worldwide, playing a pivotal role in safeguarding communities against vaccine-preventable diseases. According to Antai’s research on migration and child immunization in Nigeria, understanding the dynamics of immunization is crucial, especially among vulnerable groups like children under five. In Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers or caregivers significantly influence the immunization status of under-five children, making it imperative to explore the concept comprehensively (Antai, 2020).
Immunization, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), involves the administration of a vaccine to stimulate the immune system and develop immunity to a specific disease. The goal is to protect individuals from illnesses caused by pathogens like bacteria or viruses. In the context of childhood immunization, it refers to the systematic administration of vaccines to infants and young children, typically before the age of five, to prevent diseases such as measles, polio, diphtheria, and tetanus (WHO & UNICEF, 2021). Understanding this definition sets the stage for delving into the multifaceted factors influencing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of immunization in Ado Ekiti.
The significance of immunization in public health cannot be overstated. Research by Frenkel highlights the global burden of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases in children under five, emphasizing the implications of COVID-19 vaccination strategies. Immunization programs aim to mitigate this burden by providing a shield of protection against various diseases, thereby contributing to the overall well-being of the population (Frenkel, 2021). This underscores the importance of exploring the concept of immunization within the specific context of Ado Ekiti to enhance local strategies and address challenges.
In the specific context of Ado Ekiti, maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices play a pivotal role in the immunization status of under-five children. Adenike et al. found that maternal characteristics significantly impact childhood immunization in North Central Nigeria. Mothers are often the primary caregivers and decision-makers regarding their children’s health, making their understanding of immunization crucial in determining vaccine uptake and completion (Adenike et al., 2017). This further emphasizes the need to define immunization within the local context and explore the intricate link between maternal factors and immunization practices.
Furthermore, the concept of immunization extends beyond individual health to community-level contexts. Gidado et al.’s research on outreach to underserved communities in northern Nigeria emphasizes the importance of community engagement in immunization initiatives. Community-level challenges, such as accessibility and cultural factors, influence the success of immunization programs. Therefore, a comprehensive definition of immunization in Ado Ekiti should consider the broader community dynamics and the role they play in shaping immunization knowledge and practices (Gidado et al., 2022).
Significance of Immunization in Public Health
The significance of immunization in public health is paramount, contributing to the prevention and control of infectious diseases on a global scale. Antai’s study on migration and child immunization in Nigeria underscores the importance of understanding the broader context, emphasizing that the significance of immunization extends beyond individual health to community and societal well-being (Antai, 2020).
Immunization stands as one of the most effective public health interventions, as highlighted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF estimates of immunization coverage in Nigeria. The systematic administration of vaccines not only protects individuals from specific diseases but also plays a crucial role in achieving herd immunity. This, in turn, reduces the overall prevalence of diseases within communities, creating a collective shield against outbreaks (WHO & UNICEF, 2021). Consequently, exploring the significance of immunization in the specific context of Ado Ekiti becomes imperative for tailoring interventions to the unique challenges and dynamics of the region.
Frenkel’s research on the global burden of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases in children under five emphasizes the broader public health implications. Immunization programs contribute significantly to the reduction of morbidity and mortality rates, particularly among vulnerable populations such as young children. The preventive nature of immunization not only improves the health outcomes of individuals but also has cascading effects on the overall health and productivity of communities (Frenkel, 2021). In Ado Ekiti, understanding the significance of immunization in this broader public health context is essential for designing strategies that resonate with the local community’s needs and priorities.
The significance of immunization is particularly evident when considering the impact of water and sanitation on childhood mortality, as highlighted by Ezeh et al. Water and sanitation are integral components of public health, and their intersection with immunization programs can amplify the overall effectiveness of health interventions. Adequate sanitation and access to clean water complement immunization efforts by creating a holistic approach to child health, reducing the burden of preventable diseases (Ezeh et al., 2022). Therefore, exploring the significance of immunization in Ado Ekiti involves recognizing the interconnectedness of health determinants and the need for comprehensive, integrated approaches.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
The methodology section of this study outlines the systematic approach employed to achieve the research objectives, drawing upon established research philosophies and approaches to theory development as discussed in Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2019) and other relevant sources. This chapter elucidates the research design, population, sampling technique, sources and methods of data collection, data analysis, and ethical considerations involved in the study.
Research Design
In line with the objectives of this study, a quantitative survey research design was deemed appropriate, aligning with established research principles (Saunders et al., 2019). This design, characterized by its emphasis on numerical data collection, is well-suited for investigating patterns, relationships, and trends within a large population. The adoption of a quantitative approach allows for the systematic assessment of variables of interest, providing a structured framework to analyze and interpret statistical data (Saunders et al., 2019). This aligns with the need to gain a comprehensive understanding of the research landscape within the business sector.
The decision to employ a quantitative survey research design is justified by its capacity to generate numerical data, facilitating a rigorous and empirical examination of research questions (Saunders et al., 2019). The systematic nature of this design allows for a methodical exploration of variables, enabling researchers to draw meaningful conclusions from the collected data. By focusing on patterns, relationships, and trends, the quantitative survey research design is instrumental in achieving the specific objectives of this study, contributing to the depth and validity of the research findings. Furthermore, the use of statistical methods in the analysis of data obtained through this design enhances the reliability of the results, reinforcing the robustness of the research approach (Saunders et al., 2019).
Population of the Study
The target population for this study encompasses professionals in the business sector, specifically those engaged in research activities. The justification for this target population of 1200 respondents is based on the need for a comprehensive understanding of diverse perspectives within the business research community. A larger population ensures a more representative sample, enhancing the generalizability of the study findings to the broader business research context (Anderson et al., 2020).
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Data Presentation
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
The research study, conducted in Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, delved into the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers or caregivers regarding immunization for children under the age of five. The investigation sought to uncover the factors influencing immunization uptake in this community and provide insights for tailored interventions to strengthen immunization programs.
The study began by emphasizing the pivotal role of immunization in public health, particularly for vulnerable groups like children under five years old. The literature review underscored the significance of targeted interventions and community-level factors in shaping immunization outcomes, drawing from various studies conducted globally and in Nigeria.
The research questions guided the study in examining the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices among mothers or caregivers in Ado Ekiti. The findings from Tables 4.6 to 4.9 shed light on the community’s awareness and understanding of immunization. While the majority of respondents expressed positive perceptions, there were instances of uncertainty and disagreement, indicating potential gaps in knowledge and awareness that require targeted educational interventions.
Tables 4.10 to 4.13 explored attitudes, societal acceptance, confidence, and adherence to immunization. The results suggested positive attitudes and societal acceptance, but the presence of uncertainty and disagreement highlighted the nuanced nature of these factors. Culturally sensitive approaches and transparent communication were identified as crucial elements to address potential barriers and build trust in immunization.
Tables 4.14 to 4.17 focused on immunization practices, accessibility of vaccination facilities, and alignment with healthcare guidelines. The findings indicated generally positive practices among mothers or caregivers, but the presence of uncertainty and disagreement emphasized the need for targeted interventions. Improving accessibility, addressing cultural influences, and clarifying healthcare guidelines were identified as areas for potential improvement.
Statistical analyses, including one-sample t-tests, were employed to test hypotheses related to the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The results revealed significant relationships, highlighting the crucial influence of knowledge and attitudes on immunization practices in Ado Ekiti. These findings underscored the importance of continuous education, targeted communication strategies, and culturally sensitive interventions to enhance immunization outcomes.
In summary, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers or caregivers regarding immunization in Ado Ekiti. The findings suggest a foundation of positive perceptions and practices within the community, but the presence of uncertainty and disagreement calls for targeted interventions to address specific challenges. The nuanced nature of factors influencing immunization outcomes underscores the need for context-specific strategies that consider cultural dynamics, accessibility, and community engagement. The study contributes valuable insights to public health discourse, offering a basis for refining immunization programs and safeguarding the health of the younger population in Ado Ekiti and similar communities.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the findings from the hypotheses testing underscore the significant influence of knowledge and attitudes on the immunization practices of mothers or caregivers in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. The rejection of the null hypotheses indicates a robust relationship between a high level of knowledge about immunization and positive attitudes towards immunization with the actual practices of mothers or caregivers. These results emphasize the crucial role that awareness and positive attitudes play in shaping immunization behaviour within the community.
The outcomes of the one-sample t-tests reveal that the community possesses a commendable level of knowledge and exhibits positive attitudes towards immunization, contributing to adherence to recommended practices. This is a positive indication for public health efforts in Ado Ekiti, suggesting that targeted interventions aimed at enhancing knowledge and fostering positive attitudes could yield substantial improvements in immunization coverage.
However, the nuanced nature of the findings, including instances of uncertainty and disagreement, underscores the need for tailored interventions that address specific challenges and concerns within the community. By understanding and addressing these nuances, health authorities and stakeholders can develop more effective strategies to further elevate the success of immunization programs in Ado Ekiti, ultimately safeguarding the health of the younger population.
Recommendations
Based on the empirical findings of this study, the following recommendations were made:
- Enhance Educational Campaigns: Implement targeted educational campaigns to address potential gaps in knowledge about immunization. Tailor information to the specific needs and concerns of the community in Ado Ekiti, emphasizing the importance, safety, and benefits of vaccines for under-five children.
- Community Engagement Programs: Foster community engagement initiatives to build trust and address cultural factors influencing immunization. Involve community leaders, local influencers, and healthcare workers to facilitate open dialogues, dispel misconceptions, and promote positive attitudes towards immunization.
- Accessibility Improvement: Assess and improve the accessibility of vaccination facilities in Ado Ekiti. Identify barriers, such as geographical constraints or transportation issues, and implement strategies to make immunization services more readily available to mothers or caregivers.
- Culturally Sensitive Interventions: Design culturally sensitive interventions that respect and incorporate traditional beliefs and practices related to health and immunization. Collaborate with local communities to integrate cultural perspectives into awareness campaigns, ensuring that interventions resonate with the values of the community.
- Strengthen Information Dissemination: Enhance information dissemination channels on immunization. Utilize various platforms, including community meetings, local media, and social networks, to ensure that accurate and comprehensive information reaches mothers or caregivers, addressing their concerns and uncertainties.
- Health Literacy Programs: Implement health literacy programs to empower mothers or caregivers in understanding healthcare guidelines, schedules, and the potential risks and benefits associated with immunization. Provide materials in local languages and formats accessible to diverse educational backgrounds.
- Collaborate with Local Health Authorities: Strengthen collaboration with local health authorities to align community-level efforts with broader public health goals. Leverage existing structures, such as primary healthcare centres, to reinforce immunization initiatives and ensure a coordinated approach.
- Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish a robust system for monitoring and evaluating immunization programs in Ado Ekiti. Regularly assess the impact of interventions, gather feedback from the community, and adapt strategies based on ongoing findings to ensure sustained improvements in knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to immunization.
Contribution to Knowledge
This study significantly contributes to the existing body of knowledge by offering valuable insights into the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers or caregivers concerning immunization for children under the age of five in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. Firstly, it extends our understanding of the local dynamics influencing immunization outcomes in a specific community context. The nuanced findings reveal that while there is a commendable level of knowledge and positive attitudes, the presence of uncertainty and disagreement underscores the complexity of factors that contribute to immunization practices within this community.
Secondly, the study addresses the gap in research related to the localized challenges faced by mothers or caregivers in Ado Ekiti. Exploring community-specific factors such as cultural beliefs, accessibility to healthcare facilities, and socio-economic determinants, provides a comprehensive picture of the multifaceted influences on immunization practices. This localized focus enhances the applicability of the study’s findings, enabling targeted interventions that address the unique challenges faced by this community.
Furthermore, the study contributes to the development of effective public health strategies by emphasizing the importance of tailored interventions. The recommendations provided, including targeted educational campaigns, community engagement initiatives, and improvements in accessibility, offer practical insights for policymakers, healthcare providers, and community leaders to design and implement context-specific int
Limitations of the Study
Despite the valuable insights provided by this study, it is crucial to acknowledge certain limitations that may impact the generalizability and comprehensiveness of the findings. Firstly, the study’s cross-sectional design, while suitable for capturing a snapshot of the community’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices at a specific point in time, limits the ability to establish causation or capture changes over time. Immunization behaviours are dynamic and can be influenced by various factors that may evolve, making it essential for future research to adopt longitudinal approaches to better comprehend the temporal aspects of immunization practices in Ado Ekiti.
Secondly, the study relies on self-reported data from mothers or caregivers, which introduces the potential for social desirability bias or recall bias. Participants may provide responses they believe align with societal expectations, potentially leading to an overestimation of positive attitudes and practices. Additionally, relying on memory for immunization practices may introduce inaccuracies. Future research could incorporate observational methods or triangulate self-reported data with healthcare records to enhance the reliability of findings. Acknowledging these limitations underscores the need for a cautious interpretation of the results and highlights avenues for further research to address these methodological constraints and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of immunization dynamics in Ado Ekiti.
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