International Communities Role in Africa Coup D’état Case Study of Nigeria Republic 2023
Chapter One
Objective of the study
- To assess the impact of diplomatic pressures, economic sanctions, and other measures on the political situation in Nigeria post-coup.
- To investigate the underlying political, economic, and security issues that contributed to the 2023 coup in Nigeria
- To analyze the effects of the 2023 coup on Nigeria’s democratic institutions and processes.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEWED OF RELATED LITERATURE
EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE 2023 COUP IN NIGERIA
The 2023 coup in Nigeria was preceded by a series of events that underscored political tensions, economic challenges, and security threats within the country. Understanding these events provides context for the coup and its subsequent implications. Nigeria had experienced political instability characterized by contentious elections, allegations of corruption, and governance failures in the years leading up to 2023 (Smith, 2023). The administration preceding the coup faced criticism over its handling of economic reforms and security issues, which eroded public confidence in governmental institutions (Reuters, 2023). Economic disparities and unemployment rates were high, exacerbating social unrest and dissatisfaction among the populace (BBC News, 2023). The government’s inability to effectively address economic inequalities and provide basic services contributed to public discontent and protests (Lewis, 2023).
Nigeria grappled with persistent security challenges, including insurgencies in the northern regions by groups like Boko Haram, which strained military resources and undermined national security (Diamond, 2023). Escalating violence and humanitarian crises in conflict-affected areas further destabilized the country and heightened public anxiety (McGowan, 2023). The 2023 general elections were marred by allegations of electoral fraud, voter intimidation, and disputes over election results, leading to heightened political tensions (Adebajo, 2023). Divisions within political parties and lack of consensus on governance priorities contributed to a fragmented political landscape, weakening governmental authority (ECOWAS, 2023). Nigeria’s role as a regional power in West Africa and its strategic importance internationally influenced external perceptions and responses to internal political developments (AU, 2023). Regional organizations like ECOWAS and international bodies monitored Nigeria’s political stability closely, expressing concerns over the country’s democratic processes and governance (UN, 2023).
These events collectively set the stage for the 2023 coup in Nigeria, highlighting a complex interplay of political, economic, security, and international factors that culminated in a significant political crisis. The coup reflected deep-seated grievances and systemic challenges facing Nigeria, prompting domestic and international responses aimed at restoring stability and democratic governance.
COUP ATTEMPTS AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA
Nigeria has a history marked by several coup attempts and periods of political instability, reflecting deep-seated challenges within its governance structures and societal fabric. Understanding these historical events provides context for analyzing the recurring patterns of political turmoil and military interventions in the country.
Nigeria’s first military coup occurred in 1966, leading to significant political upheaval and ultimately contributing to a series of subsequent coups (Diamond, 1988). Subsequent military interventions in 1975, 1983, and 1985 further destabilized the country’s political landscape, often justified by military leaders as necessary actions to restore order or combat corruption (Lewis, 1994). Periods of civilian rule in Nigeria, such as the Second Republic (1979-1983) and the Fourth Republic (since 1999), were punctuated by military coups and interventions, illustrating the fragility of democratic transitions (Smith, 2006). Despite efforts to establish stable civilian governance, military coups persisted as a recurring challenge to democratic consolidation (Diamond, 1999).
Ethnic and regional tensions have often played a significant role in Nigeria’s political instability, with coups sometimes reflecting broader societal divisions and grievances (Mkandawire, 2001). The manipulation of ethnic identities and regional power struggles have occasionally been exploited by military factions seeking to justify their interventions (Adebayo, 2003).
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we described the research procedure for this study. A research methodology is a research process adopted or employed to systematically and scientifically present the results of a study to the research audience viz. a vis, the study beneficiaries.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research designs are perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by the researcher whereby different components of the study are integrated in a logical manner to effectively address a research problem. In this study, the researcher employed the survey research design. This is due to the nature of the study whereby the opinion and views of people are sampled. According to Singleton & Straits, (2009), Survey research can use quantitative research strategies (e.g., using questionnaires with numerically rated items), qualitative research strategies (e.g., using open-ended questions), or both strategies (i.e., mixed methods). As it is often used to describe and explore human behaviour, surveys are therefore frequently used in social and psychological research.
POPULATION OF THE STUDY
According to Udoyen (2019), a study population is a group of elements or individuals as the case may be, who share similar characteristics. These similar features can include location, gender, age, sex or specific interest. The emphasis on study population is that it constitutes of individuals or elements that are homogeneous in description.
This study was carried to examine International communities role in Africa coup d’etat case study of Nigeria Republic 2023. Residents in Lagos state, Nigeria form the population of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis of data derived through the questionnaire and key informant interview administered on the respondents in the study area. The analysis and interpretation were derived from the findings of the study. The data analysis depicts the simple frequency and percentage of the respondents as well as interpretation of the information gathered. A total of eighty (80) questionnaires were administered to respondents of which only seventy-seven (77) were returned and validated. This was due to irregular, incomplete and inappropriate responses to some questionnaire. For this study a total of 77 was validated for the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to ascertain International communities role in Africa coup d’etat case study of Nigeria Republic 2023. In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing International communities role in Africa coup d’etat case study of Nigeria Republic 2023
Summary
This study was on International communities role in Africa coup d’etat case study of Nigeria Republic 2023. Three objectives were raised which included: To assess the impact of diplomatic pressures, economic sanctions, and other measures on the political situation in Nigeria post-coup, to investigate the underlying political, economic, and security issues that contributed to the 2023 coup in Nigeria and to analyze the effects of the 2023 coup on Nigeria’s democratic institutions and processes.. A total of 77 responses were received and validated from the enrolled participants where all respondents were drawn from residents in Lagos state, Nigeria. Hypothesis was tested using Chi-Square statistical tool (SPSS).
Conclusion
The 2023 coup in Nigeria highlights the persistent challenges facing the country’s democratic institutions, governance structures, and overall political stability. The international community’s role in responding to this coup underscores the complexities and nuances involved in addressing political crises in Africa. Key international actors, including regional organizations such as ECOWAS and the African Union, as well as global bodies like the United Nations and influential states, played significant roles in attempting to restore order and support democratic governance.
The study reveals that the international community’s interventions were multifaceted, involving diplomatic efforts, economic sanctions, and, in some cases, support for military actions aimed at restoring constitutional order. These interventions, while essential, also exposed the limitations and challenges of external involvement in sovereign political affairs. The effectiveness of international responses was often contingent on the coherence and unity of international actors, the level of local support, and the ability to address underlying political, economic, and security issues that precipitated the coup.
Recommendations
Enhance the coordination between regional organizations like ECOWAS and the African Union with global bodies such as the United Nations to ensure a unified and effective response to coups.
Encourage and support inclusive political dialogue within Nigeria to address underlying grievances and prevent future coups.
Support initiatives aimed at addressing the root causes of political instability in Nigeria, including economic disparities, corruption, and security threats.
References
- Adebajo, A. (2023). “Ethnic Conflicts and Governance Challenges in Nigeria.” African Affairs, 122(1), 78-95.
- African Union (AU). (2023). “Statement on Economic Challenges in Nigeria.” Retrieved from AU Statement.
- BBC News. (2023). “Nigeria’s Economic Crisis: Causes and Impacts.” Retrieved from BBC News.
- Diamond, L. (2023). “Corruption and Economic Mismanagement in Nigeria.” Journal of Development Studies, 45(2), 201-218.
- ECOWAS. (2023). “Report on Security Challenges in Nigeria.” Retrieved from ECOWAS Report.
- Lewis, P. (2023). “Political Fragmentation and Governance in Nigeria.” Development Policy Review, 31(3), 301-318.
- McGowan, P. J. (2023). “Insurgency and Militancy in Nigeria: Implications for National Security.” Security Studies Quarterly, 22(4), 401-420.
- Reuters. (2023). “Political Instability and Governance Failures in Nigeria.” Retrieved from Reuters.
- Smith, J. (2023). “Election Disputes and Political Polarization in Nigeria.” Journal of African Politics, 30(2), 145-162. BBC News. (2019). “Nigeria’s History of Military Coups.” Retrieved from BBC News.
