Intergovernmental Relationship and Challenge of Development in Kebbi State
CHAPTER ONE
Objective of the study
The objectives of the study are;
- To ascertain the relationship between intergovernmental relationship and development in Kebbi state
- To ascertain the challenge of intergovernmental relationship in Kebbi state
- To find out whether challenges of intergovernmental relationship affect development in Kebbi state
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction
Development is a complex concept whose definition and meaning have experienced many changes overtime. In the early period, it was associated with what is regarded today, with the benefit of hindsight, as economic growth, characterized by increase in the per capita income or gross national product of a country. This narrow perspective of development attracted criticisms that changed the narrative and introduced crucial issues like poverty, unemployment, inequality, people, etc. as the crux or centre-piece of development (Ake, 2001; Torado & Smith, 2003; Seers, 1969; United Nations Development Programme, 2010). It equally led to the description of development with qualifiers like economic development, political development, socio-economic development, socio-cultural development, territorial development, human-centred development, participative development, endogenous development, sustainable development, etc. These changes in the discourse affected conceptualization of development that resulted in diverse perspectives and debate on development 4 theories, ideologies and strategies on how best countries can achieve development. Thus, Piefer (2014) aptly noted that geopolitics, power relations and normative orientations are also changing in the field of development cooperation. The Modernization theory which emerged in the mid Nineteenth Century is one of the first serious development theories, developed by American scholars like Walt Whitman Rostow, Bert Hoselitz, Daniel Lerner, Seymour Martin Lipset, Neil Semelser, etc. The theory in summary is concerned with charting a pathway by western standard to be followed by all developing countries to attain development, without recourse to pointing out the effects of the contact or relationship amongst developed and developing countries in the processes of attaining modernity. This kind of relationship is characterized by dependence, which Osvaldo (1969) defined as an explanation of the economic development of a state in terms of the external influences – political, economic, and cultural – on national development policies. The Dependency theory advanced by Raul Prebisch, Celso Furtado, Theotonio Dos Santos, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Samir Amin, Andre Gunder Frank, Paul Baran, Immanuel Wallerstein, etc. is a reaction to the modernization theory. It is a counter offence to the main stream proponents of modernization theory (So, 1990). It explains how western capitalist nations in particular have imposed external structure and set of conditions which in turn have created dependency of the developing countries to the western capitalism. In short, dependency theory attempts to explain the present underdeveloped state of many nations in the world by examining the patterns of contact and interactions among nations and arguing that inequality among nations is an intrinsic part of those interactions. The Modernization and Dependency theories, irrespective of their nuances, are integral part of the mainstream analysis on development that centred on economic indices of growth as yardsticks to measuring development. These parameters have been overtaken by the 21st century standards. The debate on development discourse has equally led to a paradigm shift to a new and contemporary approach that centre on the people, co-operation and partnership as the crux and vehicle for achieving development. For instance, Alternative Development Approach and Development Partnership Approach are part of the new perspectives to development discourse analyzed in this study.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design
The researcher used descriptive research survey design in building up this project work the choice of this research design was considered appropriate because of its advantages of identifying attributes of a large population from a group of individuals. The design was suitable for the study as the study sought to intergovernmental relationship and challenge of development in Kebbi state
Sources of data collection
Data were collected from two main sources namely:
(i)Primary source and
(ii)Secondary source
Primary source:
These are materials of statistical investigation which were collected by the research for a particular purpose. They can be obtained through a survey, observation questionnaire or as experiment; the researcher has adopted the questionnaire method for this study.
Secondary source:
These are data from textbook Journal handset etc. they arise as byproducts of the same other purposes. Example administration, various other unpublished works and write ups were also used.
Population of the study
Population of a study is a group of persons or aggregate items or things. The researcher is interested in getting information intergovernmental relationship and challenge of development in Kebbi state. 200 staff of kebbi state secretariate were selected randomly by the researcher as the population of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Introduction
Efforts will be made at this stage to present, analyze and interpret the data collected during the field survey. This presentation will be based on the responses from the completed questionnaires. The result of this exercise will be summarized in tabular forms for easy references and analysis. It will also show answers to questions relating to the research questions for this research study. The researcher employed simple percentage in the analysis.
DATA ANALYSIS
The data collected from the respondents were analyzed in tabular form with simple percentage for easy understanding.
A total of 133(one hundred and thirty three) questionnaires were distributed and 133 questionnaires were returned.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to ascertain intergovernmental relationship and challenge of development in Kebbi state. In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges of intergovernmental relationship and challenge of development in Kebbi state
Summary
This study was on intergovernmental relationship and challenge of development in Kebbi state. Three objectives were raised which included: To ascertain the relationship between intergovernmental relationship and development in Kebbi state, to ascertain the challenge of intergovernmental relationship in Kebbi state and to find out whether challenges of intergovernmental relationship affect development in kebbi state. In line with these objectives, two research hypotheses were formulated and two null hypotheses were posited. The total population for the study is 200 staff of Kebbi state secretariat. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made director, administrative staff, senior staffs and junior staff were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies
Conclusion
The Association of Local Government of Nigeria (ALGON), Conference of Speakers of State Legislatures of Nigeria (CSSLN), and caucuses at the National Assembly are also caught in similar web. It shows that it is designed to shore up support for governors in the regions in view of 2019 general elections, as they play around issues that can stimulate the development of states in the regions and touch on the sensibilities of the people respectively without iota of practical demonstration, commitment and moves to actualizing them. However, it is not too late for the state governors through the instrumentality of its Forum to get back on the right track. Its requires sincerity of purpose and exhibition of political will by galvanizing all the formal and informal structures of governance like Association of Local Government of Nigeria (ALGON), Conference of Speakers of State Legislatures of Nigeria (CSSLN), and caucuses at the National Assembly to drive development process in the states through horizontal intergovernmental relations.
Recommendation
Government should create a platform that will enable governors relate in order to help their counterpart when need arises
References
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