Influence of Parental Feeding Pattern on Childhood Obesity
CHAPTER ONE
Objectives Of The Study
The researcher intends to evaluate parental feeding pattern as a determinant for child obesity. Therefore this study is guided by the following objectives
- To determine the parental feeding pattern of the children with obesity.
- Identify the perceived effect of the parental feeding.
- To assess the relationship between childhood obesity and academic performance.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
Our focus in this chapter is to critically examine relevant literature that would assist in explaining the research problem and furthermore recognize the efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar research. The chapter intends to deepen the understanding of the study and close the perceived gaps.
Precisely, the chapter will be considered in two sub-headings:
- Conceptual Framework
- Chapter Summary
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Childhood Obesity
Obesity is defined as an excess accumulation of fat in the human body by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2020). Body Mass Index (BMI) [BMI=weight/ (height) is the most widely used criterion to measure weight status and define overweight and obesity (WHO, 2000). Children grow constantly; thus, their BMI is adjusted for age and sex (e.g. standard deviation scores), according to reference data (Cole, Bellizzi, Flegal, & Dietz, 2000; Cole, Flegal, Nicholls, & Jackson, 2007; Cole & Lobstein, 2012). In the past four decades, there has been an upward trend in the prevalence of childhood obesity (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2017). In 2015, the global prevalence was 5%, and 107.7 million children between the ages 2 and 19-years-old were estimated to have obesity worldwide (GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators, 2017). In addition, 38 million children under five years old had overweight or obesity in 2019 (United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Health Organization, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 2020). In Sweden, the prevalence of obesity among children at 6-yearsold is 5%, while it is twice as much among children who are 9-years-old (Public Health Agency of Sweden, 2020a). According to recent estimates, the obesity prevalence among school-aged children in Sweden has increased five times over the past three decades, with the steepest increase observed in the last 10 years (Public Health Agency of Sweden, 2020b).
Health implications–Physical and psychosocial
Childhood obesity once established, does track into adolescence and adulthood (Aarestrup et al., 2016; Buscot et al., 2018; Simmonds, Llewellyn, Owen, & Woolacott, 2016), and increases adult morbidity and mortality (Bjerregaard et al., 2018; GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators, 2017; Global BMI Mortality Collaboration, 2016; Juonala et al., 2011). Moreover, children with obesity have higher cardiometabolic risk, risk for liver disease and musculoskeletal pain (Sanders, Han, Baker, & Cobley, 2015; Skinner, Perrin, Moss, & Skelton, 2015). In addition to the impact on physical health, childhood obesity has a number of psychosocial consequences. Among those are poor quality of life, low self-esteem, decreased social functioning, weight stigmatisation, bullying, and low educational level in adulthood (Hagman et al., 2017; Pont, Puhl, Cook, & Slusser, 2017; Rupp & McCoy, 2019; Williams, Wake, Hesketh, Maher, & Waters, 2005).
Causes Obesity Among Children
Obesity is a chronic multifaceted condition, which stems from energy imbalance, i.e. excess energy intake in relation to one’s needs (Bray, Kim, & Wilding, 2017). However, obesity is not a simple function of energy intake and energy expenditure, since genetic susceptibility plays a clear role in obesity variability (Min, Chiu, & Wang, 2013; Stunkard et al., 1986; Whitaker, Wright, Pepe, Seidel, & Dietz, 1997). Specifically, interrelationships between parents and their children may affect the child’s obesity status to varying degrees (Connell & Francis, 2014; Schrempft et al., 2018; Wardle et al., 2008).
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
AREA OF STUDY
Ikenne is a Local Government Area in Ogun State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Ikenne at 6°52′N 3°43′E. It has an area of 144 km2 and a population of 118,735 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 121. (wikipedia.com).
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research designs are perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by the researcher whereby different components of the study are integrated in a logical manner to effectively address a research problem. In this study, the researcher employed the survey research design. This is due to the nature of the study whereby the opinion and views of people are sampled.
POPULATION OF THE STUDY
According to Udoyen (2019), a study population is a group of elements or individuals as the case may be, who share similar characteristics. These similar features can include location, gender, age, sex or specific interest. The emphasis on study population is that it constitute of individuals or elements that are homogeneous in description.
This study was carried out to examine the influence of parental feeding pattern on childhood obesity in Ilishan Remo and Irolu Remo communities of Ikemme Local Government Area in Ogun State. The respondents for study were made up of mothers of children between the age of 3-5 years. Hence mothers of children between the selected age range in the study area form the population of study.
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
A study sample is simply a systematic selected part of a population that infers its result on the population. In essence, it is that part of a whole that represents the whole and its members share characteristics in like similitude (Udoyen, 2019). In this study, the researcher adopted the simple random sampling (srs.) method to determine the sample size.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis of data derived through the questionnaire and key informant interview administered on the respondents in the study area. The analysis and interpretation were derived from the findings of the study. The data analysis depicts the simple frequency and percentage of the respondents as well as interpretation of the information gathered. A total of fifty (50) questionnaires were administered to respondents which only thirty five (35) were returned and validated. This was due to irregular, incomplete and inappropriate responses to some questionnaire. For this study a total of 35 was validated for the analysis.
DATA PRESENTATION
The table below shows the summary of the survey. A sample of 50 was calculated for this study. A total of 35 responses were received and validated. For this study a total of 35 was used for the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:
Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings into the influence of parental feeding pattern on childhood obesity in Ilishan Remo and Irolu Remo communities of Ikemme Local Government Area in Ogun State. The chapter consists of summary of the study, conclusions, and recommendations.
Summary of the Study
In this study, our focus was to examine the influence of parental feeding pattern on childhood obesity in Ilishan Remo and Irolu Remo communities of Ikemme Local Government Area in Ogun State. The study specifically was aimed at determining the parental feeding pattern of the children with obesity; identify the perceived effect of the parental feeding. And assess the relationship between childhood obesity and academic performance.
The study adopted the survey research design and randomly enrolled participants in the study. A total of 35 responses were validated from the enrolled participants where all respondent are mothers of children between the age of 3-5 years in Ilishan Remo and Irolu Remo communities of Ikemme Local Government Area in Ogun State.
Conclusions
Based on the analyzed findings of this study, the researcher made the following conclusion.
- There is a significant relationship between parental feeding pattern and childhood obesity.
- There is a significant relationship between childhood obesity and academic performance.
- The actual feeding pattern of parents who have obese children are; 111 I.e. eats three square meal and 101 (feed only in the morning and afternoon but don’t feed at night).
- Parental feeding pattern will determine childhood obesity.
RECOMMENDATIONS
With respect to the findings of this study, the researcher advised that parents should watch the feeding pattern in other to reduce the chances of childhood obesity in their children. And more so parents should seek for the help of a nutritionist, who will educate them on the categories of foods to give children and how to regulate their meals so as to minimize the chances of Obesity occurrence.
REFERENCE
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) Over- weight and obesity. http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/data.html
- Mulder, C., Kain, J., Uauy, R., and Seidell, J.C. (2009) Maternal attitudes and child-feeding practices: Relation- ship with the BMI of Chilean children. Nutrition Journal, 8, 37. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-8-37
- Power, C., Lake, J.K. and Cole, T.J. (1997) Measurement and long-term health risks of child and adolescent fatness. International Journal of Obesity, 21, 507-526. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800454
- Dietz, W.H. (1998) Health consequences of obesity in youth: Childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatrics, 101, 518-525.
- Ebbeling, C.B., Pawlak, D.B. and Ludwig, D.S. (2002). Childhood obesity: Public-health crisis, common sense cure. The Lancet, 360, 473-482.
- Etelson, D., Brand, D.A., Patrick, P.A. and Shirali, A. (2003) Childhood obesity: Do parents recognize this health health risk? Obesity Research, 11, 1362-1368. doi:10.1038/oby.2003.184
- Campbell, K.J., Crawford, D.A., Salmon, J., Carver, A., Garnett, S.P. and Baur, L.A. (2007) Associations between the home food environment and obesity-promoting eating behaviors in adolesence. Obesity, 15, 719-730. doi:10.1038/oby.2007.553
- Savage, J.S., Fisher, J.O. and Birch, L.B (2007) Parental influence on eating behavior: Conception to adolesence. The Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics, 35, 22-34. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2007.00111.x
- Wardle, J., Sanderson, S., Guthrie, C.A., Rapoport, L. and Plomin, R. (2002) Parental feeding style and the inter-ge- nerational transmission of obesity risk. Obesity, 10, 453- 462. doi:10.1038/oby.2002.63
