Impact of Racism and Discrimination on Black Lives in Foreign Countries
Chapter One
Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of racism and discrimination on black lives in foreign countries.
Specific objectives include;
- To evaluate the impact of racism on black lives in foreign countries
- To determine the measures that the black countries put in place for the lives of their citizens in foreign countries
- To find out if racism is of gender base of black lives in foreign countries
- To proffer possible solutions to the racism and discrimination on black lives in foreign countries.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
This chapter gives an insight into various studies conducted by outstanding researchers, as well as explained terminologies with regards to the impact of racism and discrimination on black lives in foreign countries. The chapter also gives a resume of the history and present status of the problem delineated by a concise review of previous studies into closely related problems.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Interchangeably with “racialism.” The term’s use is relatively new in the social sciences (Barot & Bird, 2001) and began with Ruth Benedict’s Race and Racism (Benedict, 1945) and in Edmund Soper’s Racism: A World Issue (Hankins, 1947). In both books, “racism” described incidences in the world community of animus between groups based on visible physical differences. With the possible exception of the term “prejudice,” no other word gained such popular usage in the United States to describe social conflict as did racism in the second half of the 20th century. Two developments popularized the term. The first was use as propaganda against anti-Semitism and the racial eugenics that targeted Jews in Germany in the 1930s and during the Second World War (Blaut, 1992). The second popularization came from U.S. civil rights activists during the 1960s.
Activists saw the political independence of former colonies in Africa and Asia as hollow prizes that did not change the economic dependence of newly independent states on their former colonial masters (Nkrumah, 1965). Domestic U.S. civil rights victories did not lessen economic inequality between Black and White Americans in the South or elsewhere. In addition, a civil rights movement shortcoming was not having a specific strategy to effectively combat the covert and indirect ways that racial hierarchy was maintained in the North and Midwest; this shortcoming was the basis of the “black power” critique of the civil rights movement (Levy, 1998). Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference highlighted this shortcoming in their unsuccessful attempt to address racial economic inequality in Chicago during the summer of 1966 (Ralph, 1993). A better understanding was needed of what they were up against and how to change it.
Racism: Emerging Concept
Members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) needed to make sense of what they were struggling against and how best to attack it (Forman, 1972). They needed a conceptual model. First, it was clear to them that the racial hierarchy they were up against dated back to slavery, was intergenerational, and part of the culture. Second, racial discrimination was institutionalized in different ways in the South and in the North. There was the overt and highly elaborate Jim Crow system in the South; then there was a covert and indirect system in the North. Third, they realized that individual acts of racial animus against African Americans were social in origin and did not originate solely from individuals’ actors. Individual Whites learned their animus as part of their socialization. What had to be worked out was how these three key realities were connected and operated and could be changed (Carmichael & Thelwell, 2003). The first writing to connect two of the three realities, institutional racism and personal racial animus, was Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) and Charles Hamilton’s Black Power (1967). It was based on Kwame Ture’s specific experience in Mississippi. The Jim Crow order of Southern small-town communities and expected social relations between races created a near perfect model of racial oppression. Carmichael and Hamilton first referred to this oppressive alignment as “personally and institutionally racist.”
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This chapter covers the description and discussion on the various techniques and procedures used in the study to collect and analyze the data as it is deemed appropriate
Research Design
For this study, the survey research design was adopted. The choice of the design was informed by the objectives of the study as outlined in chapter one. This research design provides a quickly efficient and accurate means of assessing information about a population of interest. It intends to study the impact of racism and discrimination on black lives in foreign countries. The study will be conducted in Abuja metropolis.
Population of the Study
The population for this study were residents in Abuja metropolis, FCT, Nigeria. A total of 134 respondents were selected from the population figure out of which the sample size was determined. The reason for choosing Abuja metropolis is because of its proximity to the researcher.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Introduction
This chapter deals with the presentation and analysis of the result obtained from questionnaires. The data gathered were presented according to the order in which they were arranged in the research questions and simple percentage were used to analyze the demographic information of the respondents while the chi square test was adopted to test the research hypothesis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The purpose of this study was to find out the impact of racism and discrimination on black lives in foreign countries. The hypotheses were meant to know if there are measures the black countries put in place to save the lives of their citizens in the foreign countries. Moreso, the researcher tends to know whether there are measures the black countries put in place to save the lives of their citizens in the foreign countries. Lastly, racism is of gender base of black lives in foreign countries. The analyses of collected data revealed on the impact of racism and discrimination on black lives in foreign countries, the objectives of the study were to;
- To evaluate the impact of racism on the black lives in foreign countries
- To determine the measures which the black countries put in place for the lives of their citizens in the foreign countries
- To find out if racism is of gender base of black lives in foreign countries
- To proffer a possible solution to the racism and discrimination on black lives in foreign countries.
Findings from the study revealed the null hypotheses and the alternative hypotheses, that majority of the respondents were of the opinion that
- there are measures the black countries put in place to save the lives of their citizens in the foreign countries, thereby the null hypothesis Ho is rejected.
- there are measures the black countries put in place to save the lives of their citizens in the foreign countries, thereby the null hypothesis Ho is rejected.
- racism is of gender base of black lives in foreign countries, thereby the null hypothesis Ho is rejected.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this study has added to knowledge in the field by looking at new perspectives on the African American history, existence, experience and community. In other words, it has examined new views and posturing of women that no longer celebrate or glorify the African American life and community as was initially obtainable in the works of black male writers during the Civil Rights era and the era of Black Cultural Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s in America. Instead, both Morrison’s and Dove’s works creatively expose the flaws of America‟s past history
alongside its complications and its effects on the contemporary America of today. To this extent, both writers have challenged, critiqued and recast the overall American history through various
literary platforms country. The paper then reviewed some expressions of xenophobic rhetoric, actions, and their causes before considering key causes, challenges and recommendations in overcoming xenophobia.
Overall, the study has revealed cogent views on the dynamic nature of the African American identity and society. However, by giving characters central roles in their works, critics and reviewers in many instances tend to impose feminist literary. For this reason, deliberate employ of behaviours has creative umpires to reconstruct and reshape the overall black people’s history, experience, and community in the United States of America. To this end, this research which employs the framework of postcolonial discourse, provides invaluable insights into the various segments of the American experience.
RECOMMENDATION
By and large, legal and illegal migration has been an alarming concern and the persistent increase in the migration of foreigners to host countries for better opportunities has neither curbed nor end discrimination, xenophobia and racism towards the migrants. However, various measures by representatives, government and non-governmental organisations, international institutions, civil society organizations and migrant groups through policy implementation and anti-immigrant reforms to help end xenophobic attacks have been futile because they see foreigners as a threat to their country and as far as the foreigners reside in their country, they feel anxious and view their existence as an excuse to their misfortune and a way of depriving them of several vital necessities of life. Since the main reason why people migrate from once country to another is to seek for better life and employment opportunity to improve the individual standard of living, these are some of the recommendations based on the discourse in this study which is as follows:
1) The government of every country should provide measures for employment opportunities through collaboration with multinational companies, government and non-governmental organisations, private and public sectors in the provision of medium and long term loans for the empowerment of entrepreneurial skills and training, business and agricultural sector so as to discourage their citizens aiming for greener pastures in other countries.
2) There should be provision of social amenities like good roads, security, power and water supply, hospitals, good education and so on as most foreigners intend to migrate to countries that can offer them such pleasures.
3) The 21st generation has to avoid repeating some of the mistakes of the past and as a result, the citizens and foreigners must have an equal right and dignity which must be respected irrespective of the race, tribe, religion or socio-cultural differences
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