Factors Affecting Housing Delivery
Chapter One
Research Objectives
To identify the factors that influence housing delivery.
To establish their impact on the provision of housing.
To analyze housing supply characteristics in developing economies.
To identify direct and indirect sources of housing finance and the avenues that can avail funds for the low-income earner.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
This chapter gives an insight into various studies conducted by outstanding researchers, as well as explained terminologies with regards to modern strategies for housing delivery in Nigeria.
The chapter also gives a resume of the history and present status of the problem delineated by a concise review of previous studies into closely related problems.
CONCEPTUAL ISSUES
Housing, literally is defined as buildings or other shelters in which people live, a place to live, a dwelling and toNations a critical component in social and economic fabric. Housing represents one of the most basic humanneeds. To most groups housing means shelter but to others it means more as it serves as one of the bestindicators of a person’s standard of living and his or her place in the society (Nubi, 2008). It is a priority for theattainment of living standard and it is important to both rural and urban areas. These attribute make demand forhousing to know no bound as population growth and urbanization are increase very rapidly and the gap betweenhousing need and supply becomes widen. Cultural factors such as preferences and values or social status, tasteand financial resources, also influence a house physical characteristics. In developing countries, poor housing delivery has been attributed to inadequate mechanisms and systems for land allocation, funding, mortgage institutions and infrastructure (Encarta, 2007).
Despite the significance of housing adequate supply has remained a mirage to all carder of the society in Nigeria.
The situation is very particular to most developing countries where population grow at exponential rate and rapid urbanization becoming a norm, and discrepancy in housing need and supply is high. Various authorities haveproffered strategies for improving housing delivery in Nigeria. Fasakin (1998) suggested the cooperative housing model while Oduwaye (1998) advocate for simply land allocation system and Omole (2001) suggested affordable financing model.
Necessity for affordable Housing
Nigeria is perhaps the fastest urbanizing country in the African continent. One of the most important challenges facing the country is the provision of affordable housing. As more and more Nigerians make towns and cities their homes, the resulting social, economic, environmental and political challenges need to be urgently dressed (Raji, 2008).
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
This chapter states the various methods used in research, as well as the population of the study, and sampling techniques used in determining the sample size for the research. How data was collected and analyzed is also discussed in this chapter.
The main objectives of this research were achieved through quantitative methods, as inferential statistics were used to measure the level of accuracy and validate responses from the respondents in accordance to the objectives of the research.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design used for this study was the descriptive research design. Since data characteristics were described using frequencies and percentages, and no manipulations of data or variables were necessary, the researcher chose this research design. The researcher discarded other alternatives such as the causal and explanatory research designs, because accurate findings and data analysis may not be achieved.
POPULATION OF THE STUDY
The population for this study are employees of Akwa Ibom Investment Corporation (AKICORP), Akwa Ibom. The population figure for the study was 32 respondents, comprising of AKIPOC staff from various departments such as operations, finance, administration etc.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
This chapter is devoted to the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data gathered in the course of this study. The data are based on the number of copies of the questionnaire completed and returned by the respondents. The data are presented in tables and the analysis is done using the chi-square test.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
The main component of housing delivery is availability of land resources. Urbanization in Nigeria has resulted in limited accessibility to land and thus compound the problems of housing provision that urban and regional planning is aiming to solve. The continuity and dynamism of land value make its classification as a process inappropriate. Land value thus arises when comparatively increasing number of people jostles for land in urban centres as against the rural areas.
Cities are the main focus of land problems and the threshold population for their classification varies from one country to another and over time, even within the same country. More critical than population is the function metropolitan area performs. One of the distinguishing characteristics of a metropolitan area is that its work is largely divorced from soil, that is, its people are dominantly not primary food producers. Furthermore, it is unrealistic in Nigeria to classify all Nigeria States as metropolitan areas because of their peculiar functions. However, their roles as development advances in most instances result in increase in land value and thus reflected in housing delivery. According to Bid Rent Model (Alonso, 1964), land value increases as one moves towards the city centre; and tend to be lower towards the urban fringe. But this theory does not apply in most part of Metropolitan Lagos. Land in some urban fringe increase in value as a resulted of several factors. One of these is to avoid the congestion and noise effects of the urban centre.
Recommendation
Rising land prices and charges appear exorbitant and much above the official income capacity of many Nigerian professionals. Available data indicate that the housing demand-supply gap for Nigeria is about 16 million units. In Lagos where most residents live in rented and sub-standard accommodation, market opportunities exist for more than 10.5 million quality homes. If Lagos State were to develop efficient strategies to encourage the private sector to develop just 1 million quality housing units in quality housing estates at market prices of about N16.5 Million each and then adopt good property tax models as in the developed countries, then a unified property tax rate of 2.5% per annum for the new housing units will yield N412.50 Billion per annum to the State/Local Governments
The government need to promote policies that will enhance reduction in the cost of building material and place much emphasis on accessibility to land. This could be achieved by promoting laws that will enhance easy accessibility to land for mass housing production. There is need to also strengthen the mortgage institutions and expand the resource base of the Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria (FMBN) and initiate programmes that will encourage individuals to show interest in this sector. Housing provision in a city,such as Lagos provide greater challenge to any government just like what is being experience in most urban city of the world like Tokyo in Japan, New York in US, Bombay in India, Sao Paolo in Brazil, Beijing in China, Cairo in Egypt and most urbanized nations of the world. This therefore calls for more emphasis on housing sector since it plays great role in the nation development.
REFERENCES
- Agbola, T. and Olatubara, C.O. (2003); Private Sector Driven Housing Delivery (in Nigeria): Issues, Constraints, Challenges and Prospects, a lead paper presented at the 2nd Annual National Workshop on Private sector Driven Housing Delivery in Nigeria, University of Lagos, Lagos, 30th – 3rd July.
- Akinlusi, A. (2007): Mortgage Facilities: A Panacea for Mass Housing Development. A paper presented at Nigerian Institute of Building conference, Lagos, November, 13, Pp9-16.
- Aluko, B.T. (2002): Urban housing for low – income earners in cities of Lagos state: The Land Question, Proceedings of a National Conference on The City in Nigeria, Faculty of Environmental Designs and Management, ObafemiAwolowo University, Ile – Ife, pp288 – 294
- EBIE, S.P.O.F. (2004): Statutory Component(s) on Housing Policy – Legislative and Regulatory.
- Encarta, 2007: A Computer base Microsoft software.
- Fasakin, J.O. (1998): Cooperative Housing; The Concept, Experience and applicability to Nigeria’s socioeconomic millieu’. Seminar paper presented at the Fedral University of Technology, Akure.
- Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN, 2004): National housing Policy Draft, Abuja.
- Mabogunje A.I. (2004): An African Perspective. In UN-HABITAT Debate. Vol.10, No.4, Pp.12
- Nubi, O.T. (2000): Housing finance in Nigeria. Need for Re-engineering “Ideal Habitat Cooperative Housing Initiative”
- Nubi, O.T. (2008): Affordable Housing Delivery in Nigeria. The South African Foundation International
