Extraction of Neem Seed Oil
CHAPTER ONE
Objective of the Study
This project work is aimed at extraction of oil from This project work is aimed at extraction of oil from neem seed.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
History of Neem Seed
Azadirachtin is the most well known and studied triterpenoid in neem oil. The Azadirachtin content of neem oil varies from 300ppm to over 2500ppm depending on the extraction technology and quality of the neem seeds crushed. Neem oil also contains steroids (campesterol, betasitosterol, stigmasterol).
Formulations made of neem oil also find wide usage as a biopesticide for organic fanning, as it repels a wide variety of pests including the mealy bug, beet army worm, aphids. The cabbage worm, thrips, whiteflies, ats, beetles, moth larvae, mushroom flies, leafminers, caterpillars, locus, nematodes and the Japanese beetle. Neem oil is not known to be harmful to mammals, birds earthworms or some beneficial insects such as butterflies, honeybees and ladybugs if it is not concentrated directly into their area of habitat or on their food source. It can be used as a household pesticide for ant, bedbug, cockroach, housefly, sand fly, snail, termite and mosquitoes both as repellent and larvicide. Neem oil also controls black spot, powdery mildew, anthracnose and rust fungus. Neem oil is not used for cooking purposes ,in India , it is used for preparing cosmetics (soap , hair product , body hygiene creams , hand creams ) and in Ayurvedic , unani and folklore traditional of a wide range of afflictions . The most frequently reported indications in ancient Ayuruvedic writing are skin diseases inflammations and fever and more recently rheumatic disorders , insect repellent and insecticide effect. Neem seed oil is widely used as insecticides , lubricant , drug for variety of diseases such as diabetes and tuberculosis. This oil could also prolong leather goods when it is applied on them.
General Method of Determining Structures of Oil
The following brief account gives an indication of the various methods, which have been particularly useful (especially oxidative) in elucidating the structures of the terpenoids, also included are the more modern methods.
A pure specimen is obtained and the molecular formular is ascertained by the usual methods and also by means of mass spectrometry. If the terpnoid is optically active, its specific rotation is measured. Optical activity can be used as a means of distinguishing structures.
If oxygen is present in the molecules, its functional nature is ascertained i.e. whether if is present as hydroxyl;, aldehyde, keton etc.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Materials
- Neem seed
- n-hexane
- Boiling funnel
- Filter paper
- Condenser
- Round bottom flask
- Weighing balance
- Grinder
- Soxhlet extractor
Methods
The extraction occurred in batches and also soxhalet extractor was used. The samples was granded and 200g was weighed out and soaked with 1000ml of n-hexane and neem seed oil) was filtered off from buchner funnel and the vacuum pump. With the solvent (n-hexane and neem seed oil) was filtered off from the sample leaving the residual in the buchner funnel. As the solvent was being heated, it vapourised and passed thorugh the condenser and then condensed and trickled down on the thimble containing the neem seed. The reaction occurred in the thimble. The n-hexane now extracts the oil in the sample and alos other impurities like resins and waxes. When the liquid level filled the body of the extraction, it was then automatically siphoned back to the flask. This extraction took about three hours for complete extraction. At the end, the set was dismantled and the sample changed.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT
In the extraction of neem seed oil from neem seed using solvent (n-hexane) in solvent extraction method. From the result given above. 200g of the neem seed was weighed out and soaked in the solvent (n-hexane) and left for 24 hours. Later the liquid (n-hexane and neem seed oil) was filtered out leaving the residual behind using buchner funnel together with filter paper. After the extraction of the nem seed oil form the filterate 80% of neem seed oil was obtained which is 40ml.
That is percentage of oil: Weight of neem seed x amount of oil
Amount of solvent (n-hexane)
: 200g x 40ml
100ml
= 80%
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
Agricultural commodities are shifting form exportation in their primary form to process form. This is aimed at increasing value adding to primary forms of commodities. Thus ensuring improved nutrition as well as creating job opportunities in rural areas.
In order to spread the take off of these cottage industries in most neem producing areas, small-scale farmers groups or co-operatives, comprising not less than 20 members can be assisted with credit facilities under the small scale enterprise scheme.
The study has show that the production of cashew from the oil extractor is a profitable venture. Cashew oil provides vitamin A. a necessary consistent on human diets. Its use will improve the nutritional health of the rural communities. In Brazil, the oil extracted is given some slight processing before being canned and sold. It is therefore, important to encourage extraction of the oil form cashew nut utilizing the locally fabricated equipment. Support should be given to farmers and other local entrepreneurs under the small-scale enterprise scheme.
Recommendations
Oil should be extracted using soxhlet extractor and so efforts should be made by the management to obtain this equipment for use.
The steam distillation apparatus should be improved so effective extraction and quantification.
Oils are lital part of our society as applications could be used industrially for cosmetics, medications, repellants, flavouring and attractions etc.
The production of oil in large scale will also encourage self reliance. Oil should be used to avoid and also they should be converted to solid products to avoid the rapid of loss them.
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