Evaluate Tourist Accommodation Facility and Tourist Patronage in Abeokuta Metropolis
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction
This chapter reviews the pertinent literature related to the study and discusses the link between the dependent and independent variables in the study. The first section of the literature review provides the review of the Evaluate tourist accommodation facility in the context of Attraction Infrastructure, Accommodation Infrastructure, Accessibility Infrastructure and Amenity Infrastructure. The following sections highlight the various aspects of Tourists patronage, Visitor’s Satisfaction and Tourist’s future intention. Further, this chapter focuses on the different areas of Tourism Marketing and the role of evaluate tourist accommodation facility in tourist destinations.
Conceptual review
Destination attraction infrastructure
A tourist attraction is a place of interest where tourists visit, typically for its inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value, historical significance, offering leisure, recreation, adventure and amusement. On the other hand the term tourist destination refers to the geographic area that is different from the place of the permanent residence of a tourist, where tourist activity is implemented and tourist products are consumed. It is possible to define it as a location of tourist consumption (Cavlek et al., 2011). Research on tourist attractions has been undertaken from different approaches and with different definitions of what an attraction is and how it functions. Attractions are the pivotal element of tourism development; evidence shows that tourists are more likely to be motivated to visit destinations that have such resources that can satisfy their needs (Richards, 2006). Wanhill (2008a) used the term image scape to represent the attraction product concept. Image scape condenses history and culture in time and space into marketable entertainment experiences (Wanhill, 2008b). According to Pearce (1991) tourist attraction is a named site with a specific human or natural feature which is the focus of visitor and management attention. Kyle and Chick (2002) refer attraction to the perceived importance or interest in an activity or a product, and the pleasure that derives from participation or use. Tourism attractions determine direction as well as the intensity of tourism development on the specific tourism receptive area. Swarbrooke (2002), pointed out that the attraction product is mainly experiential, consisting of both tangible and intangible elements.
An attraction is any object, person, place, or concept that draws people either geographically or through remote electronic means so that they might have an experience. The experience can be recreational, spiritual, or otherwise (Milman, 2009; Rivera et al, 2009). In widest context, attraction includes things for the tourists to see and do, but also services and facilities (Lew 1987; Witt & Moutinho1994). The growing interest in attraction competitiveness has no doubt brought about the focus being directed towards the definition and description of the attraction product, and how visitors consider its different parts (Mehmetoglu and Abselsen, 2005). Many tourism destinations contain natural, cultural and special type of attractions to attract visitors. According to Page and Connell (2009), the attractions sector consists of the built environment and the natural environment, in addition to cultural resources, products, festival and events. Swarbrooke (1995) classifies attractions into four types: (1) natural, (2) man-made but not originally designed primarily to attract visitors, (3) man-made and (4) purpose-built to attract visitors and special events.
Accommodation Infrastructure
Accommodation is a fundamental element of the tourism industry (Urtasun & Gutie´rrez, 2006). It is the largest and most ubiquitous sub-sector within the tourism economy, accounting for around one-third of total trip expenditure and, forms an essential ingredient of the tourism experience. The concept of travel accommodation has transformed itself as Hospitality Industry on account of its utility in tourism and life away from home. The accommodation service represents a basic tourist service, an ensemble of benefits offered to tourists during his stay (Rahovan, 2013).
The hospitality industry in many ways represents the country’s growth and prosperity. The standard of accommodation and the quality and variety of food available in a destination is a significant component of the impression and image of that place in the mind of the traveler (Banerjee, 2014).
Accessibility Infrastructure
Access is a key infrastructure for tourist destinations. It is particularly important in regions where tourist attractions are widely dispersed. Accessibility encompasses roads, railway, airports and various transport facilities.
Easy access to tourism destinations in terms of international transport and facilities for easy movement within the destinations are generally considered to be prerequisites for the development of tourism. Kaul (1985) is among the first to recognize the importance of transport infrastructure as an essential component of successful development in that it induces the creation of new attractions and the growth of existing ones.
The importance of accommodation facilities for tourism has been emphasized by Crouch and Ritchie, (1999) who analyze the product in the context of comparative and competitive advantage, they emphasized that, tourism planning and development would not be possible without roads, airports, harbors, electricity, sewage, and potable water.
Improved transport infrastructure, particularly in the case of road and land transport, likely leads to reduced cost of transport. Road capacity improvements such as more lanes, improved reliability, higher quality road surfacing, improved safety through more and wider lanes and improved signage reduce fuel consumption, wear and tear, and transit time of traffic. Such hard transport infrastructure investments do impact on the cost and quality of the tourism experience (Jameel, 2008).
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Approach
The study employed quantitative approach to identify the effect of tourist accommodation facility on tourists patronage. Mainly the study used quantitative approach using questionnaire and supported by secondary sources. In addition to this participatory approach was also used. The foreign tourists have participated in this study to provide information on the infrastructure services and facilities in Abeokuta metropolis sector. Therefore, the data source for this study are foreign tourists.
Research Design
The study employed quantitative data collection method. The design of the study was conducted using a cross-sectional survey design to collect data since data were collected at a time. The study was designed with the aim of producing representative indicators with sufficient precision. The researcher utilized causal descriptive methods to collect information relating to effect of evaluate tourist accommodation facility on destination tourism in Nigeria.
Data sources
Both primary and secondary data sources were employed in this study. Primary data were obtained from foreign tourists who arrived at Abeokuta. Data from foreign tourists were collected through questionnaire.
Secondary data were gathered from different sources which are relevant with the study. Therefore, journals, books, similar studies and researches were analyzed in order to substantiate the primary data.
Sampling Technique
The main data source for this study are foreign tourists arrived at Nigeria. The tourist flow is seasonal and it was difficult to find enough number of foreigner for the sample of the study. However, the researcher preferred to collect data through online. First, the researcher collected emails of tourist from the tour organization. Second, name of tourists were listed alphabetically on the paper sheet. Next, the respondents for this study were drawn from the list paper sheet using systematic random sampling. At the last, the questionnaire was sent to the selected tourists online through their email. Therefore, this study employed the systematic sampling method in order to achieve the intended objectives.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter analyses and discusses the major findings of the research based on the survey collected in the study area. It presents using tables and percentages to show the effect of evaluate tourist accommodation facility on tourists patronage in Nigeria.
In the first part, the analysis of the background information of tourists such as the age, sex, educational status, annual income, region where tourists come and their visiting time have been analyzed based on frequencies and percentage. Moreover, the analysis looks for whether there is a significant difference between the demographic characteristics on the tourists patronage in the country. In the second part, the effect of evaluate tourist accommodation facility on tourism destination have been analyzed. Furthermore, correlations of the independent variables and their effect on tourists patronage are analyzed. In the third part, the effective quality of promotion employed to the tourists patronage has been analyzed. Moreover, the perception of tourists on the tourist destination areas before and after their visit was analyzed. Besides, the significant difference of tourists perception before their visiting and after their visiting have been treated.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
The findings of this study are discussed based on the objectives. The first objective of the study is “To identify the tourism promotion types employed in the country”. Therefore, the result indicates that the major type of promotion employed in the country to promote tourism industry is internet service.
The second objective of the study is “To examine the effect of tourist accommodation facility on tourists patronage”. Evaluate tourist accommodation facility has a positive and significant impact on tourists patronage. This study has conducted a preliminary analysis to determine the impact of evaluate tourist accommodation facility on tourists patronage in a comparative context of pre and post visit tourists patronage. The general observation noticed is that the respondents experienced the infrastructure of the country is low with the exception attractiveness. in attraction the results demonstrated that the post- tourists patronage was evaluated as higher than the pre- tourists patronage.
The Third objective is “To explore tourism specific infrastructural attributes affecting tourists patronage”. The result indicates that evaluate tourist accommodation facility has influence on tourism industry as well as the on the tourists patronage. The improved quality of accommodation facilities of countries increased more tourists visit to their tourism destination. Hence, a tourism resource rich countries require plausible planning and management for the development of such infrastructure to attract more tourists to the destination.
The fourth objective is “To identify the relationship between qualities of accommodation facilities and future intention”. A destination with the positive infrastructural attributes creates positive image. The findings of this study reveal that tourist satisfaction is considered to be a great predictor for future behavioural intentions.
Conclusion
There are a lot of advertising medias employed to promote tourism destination areas in different countries. Among the different advertizing medias internet is taking a lion share to provide information for tourists in Nigeria.
This study has provided the basis for understanding the concepts of evaluate tourist accommodation facility (Attraction Infrastructure, Accommodation Infrastructure, Accessibility Infrastructure and Amenity Infrastructure) in a different perspective. Abeokuta the most attractive country for foreign tourists. Nigeria has many natural, cultural, special and nightlife attractions which motivated tourists to visit the country.
However, the country has problems in accessibility, accommodation and amenity which are the main effects of tourists patronage. The protracted bureaucracy to get visa, inconvenient time to reach in the destinations and lack of clear signposts and other facilities are obstacles of tourist destination in Nigeria. Lack of variety selection of accommodation, inconvenient accommodation, poor services and conference facilities are also problems of tourists patronage in Nigeria. Furthermore, limitation to provide facilities to different groups, lack of providing heterogeneity in one place, limited shopping activities and limited network are problems in Abeokuta metropolis tourists patronage.
The study points that the tourist’s overall satisfaction depends on the image created by a destination after the visitation. The findings have demonstrated that a destination with positive infrastructural attribute creates a positive image that satisfies tourists’ needs and also increases the chances of a destination having loyal tourists.
Moreover, this study found that the respondents experienced the tourism destination of Nigeria as higher than what they expected. The results of the study evaluated that the post-tourists patronage is higher than the pre- tourists patronage. The highest post tourists patronage indicates the highest standard of attraction and highest level of satisfaction. Thus, developing the necessary infrastructure is an essential action to ensure the adequate tourist.
Tourist’s overall satisfaction depends on the tourists patronage. Tourist satisfaction is considered to be a great predictor of tourist’s future behavioral intentions. The Spearman correlation confirmed that the tourist satisfaction has a positive and significant impact on tourist’s future intention. Moreover, the tourist’s future intention to recommend or revisit a destination depends on tourists patronage and tourist satisfaction of the destination’s infrastructure.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusion the following recommendations are forwarded to the concerned body:
- The Nigerian tourism sector is employing internet as a main source of information to advert the tourist destination areas internationally. However, using internet only as a source of information is not enough. Therefore, the tourism minister and other private working on tourism should use all advertising medias like television, newspaper, tour website, tourist guide book and magazine etc
- There is a problem in accessibility, accommodation and amenity which are the main effects of tourists patronage in Therefore, the Nigerian government should reform the accessibility, accommodation and amenity. For Example, the government should avoid the bureaucracy to get visa, connect the tourist destination areas with main roads and increase the signposts and other facilities.
- Moreover, the government should increase variety selection of accommodation and provide accommodations which are comfortable for different tourists with different needs. In addition, there should be fast service delivery and conference facilities for tourists in the tourism destination
- Limited shopping activities and limited network are problems in Abeokuta metropolis Therefore, the government should invest more on the network through installing internet services with large mega bytes. Moreover, the investors of the country should invest on the area which tourists have demanded.
- For successful tourism development, the need for more intensive investment in modernization of accommodation facilities is increasingly appearing as a necessary condition. Higher level of evaluate tourist accommodation facility development can contribute to increased efficiency of production and distribution of tourism services, and, in some cases, such as remote destinations, increased supply of tourism services. For the existence on the tourism market, which is becoming more dynamic and demanding, the question of improving competitiveness becomes crucial. In this regard, investment in the development of evaluate tourist accommodation facility is becoming an important component of tourism competitiveness (JOVANOVIĆ and Ivana, 2016). Thus, both the government and investors should give due attention and invest on tourism
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