Ethnobotany of Contraceptives Among the People of Ejigbo, Osun State
CHAPTER ONE
Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to investigate and document the plants used as contraceptive.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Birth control, also known as contraception and fertility control, is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy. Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth control only became available in the 20th century. Planning, making available, and using birth control is called family planning. Some cultures limit or discourage access to birth control because they consider it to be morally, religiously, or politically undesirable.
The most effective methods of birth control are sterilization by means of vasectomy in males and tubal ligation in females, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and implantable birth control. This is followed by a number of hormone based methods including oral pills, patches, vaginal rings, and injections. Less effective methods include physical barriers such as condoms, diaphragms and birth control sponges and fertility awareness methods. The least effective methods are spermicides and withdrawal by the male before ejaculation. Sterilization, while highly effective, is not usually reversible; all other methods are reversible, most immediately upon stopping them. Safe sex practices, such as with the use of male or female condoms, can also help prevent sexually transmitted infections. Other methods of birth control do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. Emergency birth control can prevent pregnancy if taken within the 72 to 120 hours after unprotected sex. Some argue not having sex as a form of birth control, but abstinence-only sex education may increase teenage pregnancies if offered without birth control education, due to non-compliance.
In teenagers, pregnancies are at greater risk of poor outcomes. Comprehensive sex education and access to birth control decreases the rate of unwanted pregnancies in this age group. While all forms of birth control can generally be used by young people, long-acting reversible birth control such as implants, IUDs, or vaginal rings are more successful in reducing rates of teenage pregnancy. After the delivery of a child, a woman who is not exclusively breastfeeding may become pregnant again after as few as four to six weeks. Some methods of birth control can be started immediately following the birth, while others require a delay of up to six months. In women who are breastfeeding, progestin-only methods are preferred over combined oral birth control pills. In women who have reached menopause, it is recommended that birth control be continued for one year after the last period.
About 222 million women who want to avoid pregnancy in developing countries are not using a modern birth control method. Birth control use in developing countries has decreased the number of deaths during or around the time of pregnancy by 40% (about 270,000 deaths prevented in 2008) and could prevent 70% if the full demand for birth control were met. By lengthening the time between pregnancies, birth control can improve adult women’s delivery outcomes and the survival of their children. In the developing world women’s earnings, assets, weight, and their children’s schooling and health all improve with greater access to birth control. Birth control increases economic growth because of fewer dependent children, more women participating in the workforce, and less use of scarce resources.
Birth control methods include barrier methods, hormonal birth control, intrauterine devices (IUDs), sterilization, and behavioral methods. They are used before or during sex while emergency contraceptives are effective for up to a few days after sex. Effectiveness is generally expressed as the percentage of women who become pregnant using a given method during the first year, and sometimes as a lifetime failure rate among methods with high effectiveness, such as tubal ligation.
CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology.
The methodology adopted in this study is blend of historical, descriptive and analytical research methods. The historical research will allows us to describe and be the antecedent and precedent from the past and present and learn from them which can be purely tactual and descriptive. This means invariably the source of the data will be mainly library research and content analysis. This library will involve the use of relevant textbook on the plants that could be use as contraceptive.
Introduction
This is aimed at documenting ethnobonical potential of abortificients and contraceptives herbs use among citizens of Ejigbo in Osun state of Nigeria.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
Plants having antifertility, antiovulatory and related activities are tabulated as follows;
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY
This study focused on plant used as contraceptives, abortificients, antifertility and antiovulatory. It covers the medicinal contraceptives as regards the effects identified. It reveals the major forms of contraceptives and the effects of using them.
It also reveals some herbal contraceptive in respect to their uses, part to be used and their importance.
CONCLUSION
Finally, it was clear that the medicinal plants play an important role in treating various diseases. The herbal plants and their extracts have significant antifertility activity in animal models. This review showed that above-mentioned medicinal plants possess antifertility activity on dose dependent manner and can be used as an alternative for oral contraceptives which are currently in use for birth control.
RECOMMENDATION
It could be a solution to the problem of overpopulation in Nigeria and other nations. Hence, the following recommendations are made.
- The use of herbal contraceptive should be encouraged.
- Herbal contraceptives should be modernized to be more attractive.
- Public orientation should be made so as to let the people know the importance of herbal contraceptive over medicinal contraceptives.
REFERENCES
- Yakubu, M.T, Akanji M.A, Oladiji A.T. (2007). Evaluation of anti-androgenicpotentials of aqueous extract of Chromolaena odoratum(L.) K. R.leaves in male rats. Andrologia. 39:235–43
- Oksman-Caldentey, K.M, Inze D. (2004). Plant cell factor iesin the post-genomic era: new ways to produce designer secondary metabolites. Trends in Plant Science 9,433–440.
- Speroff, Leon; Darney, Philip D. (November 22, 2010). A clinical guide for contraception (5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-60831-610-6.
- Stubblefield, Phillip G.; Roncari, Danielle M. (December 12, 2011). “Family Planning”, pp. 211 – 269, in Berek, Jonathan S. (ed.) Berek & Novak’s Gynecology, 15th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 978-1-4511-1433-1.
- Jensen, Jeffrey T.; Mishell, Daniel R. Jr. (March 19, 2012). “Family Planning: Contraception, Sterilization, and Pregnancy Termination”, pp. 215 – 272, in Lentz, Gretchen M.; Lobo, Rogerio A.; Gershenson, David M.; Katz, Vern L. (eds.) Comprehensive Gynecology, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-323-06986-1.
- Gavin, L; Moskosky, S; Carter, M; Curtis, K; Glass, E (Apr 25, 2014). Godfrey, E; Marcell, A; Mautone-Smith, N; Pazol, K; Tepper, N; Zapata, L; Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion,, CDC. “Providing Quality Family Planning Services: Recommendations of CDC and the U.S. Office of Population Affairs”. MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control. 63 (RR-04): 1–54. PMID 24759690
