Environmental Sanitation Practices Among Ebonyi State University Students
Chapter One
Objectives of the Study
This study aims to achieve the following specific objectives:
- To assess the level of awareness among Ebonyi State University students about environmental sanitation practices.
- To examine the current sanitation practices and behaviours of Ebonyi State University students.
- To identify the factors influencing environmental sanitation practices among Ebonyi State University students.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Conceptual Review
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in schools play a crucial role in safeguarding the health and well-being of students, promoting their educational outcomes, and fostering a conducive learning environment. WASH encompasses a comprehensive approach that addresses access to safe water, proper sanitation facilities, and the promotion of good hygiene practices within educational settings (Armah et al., 2018). Ensuring WASH facilities in schools is essential for preventing waterborne diseases, reducing absenteeism due to illness, and creating a positive learning environment for students.
Access to safe water is a fundamental requirement for maintaining the health of students in schools. Safe drinking water is essential for staying hydrated, supporting cognitive functions, and maintaining overall well-being (Bartlett, 2019). Inadequate access to safe water can lead to waterborne diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid, which can significantly affect the attendance and academic performance of students (Benton & Burgess, 2019). Additionally, proper water supply in schools is crucial for maintaining hygiene practices, such as handwashing, which is a key preventive measure against the spread of infections and diseases (Greene et al., 2012).
Sanitation facilities are equally important components of WASH in schools. Properly designed and well-maintained sanitation facilities, including toilets and handwashing stations, are necessary to ensure the privacy, dignity, and safety of students. Access to clean and functional toilets can contribute to reducing the prevalence of waterborne diseases and urinary tract infections among students (Egbinola & Amanambu, 2019). Moreover, separate toilets for girls can have a positive impact on their school attendance and retention rates (Birdthistle et al., 2021).
Promoting good hygiene practices among students is another vital aspect of WASH in schools. Education on proper hygiene habits, such as regular handwashing with soap, can significantly reduce the transmission of infectious diseases and promote overall health (Gammon & Hunt, 2020). Handwashing is particularly crucial during the COVID-19 pandemic, as it has been recognized as one of the most effective preventive measures against the virus (Gammon & Hunt, 2020).
Incorporating WASH facilities and practices in schools has been shown to have several positive outcomes. Studies have demonstrated that improved WASH facilities in schools lead to a reduction in student absenteeism due to waterborne illnesses, ultimately contributing to better academic performance (Freeman et al., 2012). Furthermore, the provision of proper WASH services in schools can foster a healthy and hygienic learning environment, enhancing the overall well-being and educational experience of students (Armah et al., 2018).
However, despite the importance of WASH in schools, there are challenges in implementing and maintaining these facilities, particularly in low-resource settings like Nigeria. Limited access to funding, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of awareness about the significance of WASH in educational institutions are some of the barriers that need to be addressed to ensure effective WASH in schools (Greene et al., 2012).
Importance of WASH in Educational Settings
The importance of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in educational settings cannot be overstated, as it directly impacts the health, well-being, and educational outcomes of students. Providing access to safe water, and adequate sanitation facilities, and promoting good hygiene practices within schools are crucial for creating a conducive learning environment and fostering positive educational experiences for students.
One of the primary reasons for the significance of WASH in educational settings is the direct impact it has on the health of students. Access to safe drinking water is essential for hydration, which in turn supports cognitive functions, concentration, and overall academic performance (Bartlett, 2019). Proper hydration is particularly critical for young learners, as even mild dehydration can impair their cognitive abilities (Bar-David et al., 2021). Additionally, clean and functioning sanitation facilities contribute to reducing the prevalence of waterborne diseases, such as diarrhea and cholera, which are major causes of student absenteeism and academic disruptions (Egbinola & Amanambu, 2019).
Moreover, good hygiene practices, such as regular handwashing with soap, are vital in preventing the transmission of infectious diseases within schools. Handwashing is one of the most effective measures to prevent the spread of illnesses, including respiratory infections and gastrointestinal diseases (Gammon & Hunt, 2020). By promoting hygiene education and ensuring access to handwashing facilities, schools can significantly reduce the risk of disease outbreaks and maintain a healthy learning environment.
WASH in educational settings also plays a crucial role in promoting gender equity and inclusivity. Separate and safe sanitation facilities for girls are essential for ensuring their dignity and privacy, especially during menstruation. Girls’ access to proper sanitation facilities can have a positive impact on their school attendance and retention rates, as they are less likely to miss school due to menstrual-related challenges (Birdthistle et al., 2021).
Furthermore, the provision of WASH facilities in schools contributes to a positive learning environment and fosters a sense of well-being among students. When students have access to clean and safe facilities, they are more likely to feel comfortable and engaged in the learning process. This, in turn, can lead to improved academic performance and overall satisfaction with their educational experience (Armah et al., 2018).
By integrating WASH practices in educational settings, schools can also play a crucial role in promoting good hygiene habits within the broader community. Students who receive hygiene education and practice proper WASH behaviours at school are more likely to carry these habits back home, influencing their families and communities positively (Bieri et al., 2017).
Despite the evident importance of WASH in educational settings, some challenges need to be addressed to ensure its effective implementation. Inadequate funding, limited infrastructure, and a lack of awareness about WASH’s significance are some of the barriers that educational institutions face in providing adequate WASH facilities and services (Greene et al., 2012).
Importance of WASH in Educational Settings
The importance of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in educational settings cannot be overstated, as it directly impacts the health, well-being, and educational outcomes of students. Providing access to safe water, adequate sanitation facilities, and promoting good hygiene practices within schools are crucial for creating a conducive learning environment and fostering positive educational experiences for students(Egbinola & Amanambu, 2019).
One of the primary reasons for the significance of WASH in educational settings is the direct impact it has on the health of students. Access to safe drinking water is essential for hydration, which in turn supports cognitive functions, concentration, and overall academic performance (Bartlett, 2019). Proper hydration is particularly critical for young learners, as even mild dehydration can impair their cognitive abilities (Bar-David et al., 2021). Additionally, clean and functioning sanitation facilities contribute to reducing the prevalence of waterborne diseases, such as diarrhea and cholera, which are major causes of student absenteeism and academic disruptions (Egbinola & Amanambu, 2019).
Moreover, good hygiene practices, such as regular handwashing with soap, are vital in preventing the transmission of infectious diseases within schools. Handwashing is one of the most effective measures to prevent the spread of illnesses, including respiratory infections and gastrointestinal diseases (Gammon & Hunt, 2020). By promoting hygiene education and ensuring access to handwashing facilities, schools can significantly reduce the risk of disease outbreaks and maintain a healthy learning environment.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This chapter outlines the research methodology adopted in this study to investigate the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices in Nigerian schools. The methodology provides a structured approach to gathering and analyzing data, ensuring the study’s credibility and reliability. This chapter presents the research design, population of the study, sampling technique and sample size, sources and methods of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability assessment, and ethical considerations.
Research Design
The research design is the overall plan and structure that guides the study and helps address the research questions and objectives effectively (Creswell, 2019). For this study, a quantitative survey research design was selected. A quantitative approach allows for the collection of numerical data and enables the researcher to analyze large datasets efficiently (Kothari, 2020). It enables the study to gather statistical evidence on WASH practices in Nigerian schools, providing a comprehensive understanding of the prevailing situation. The survey research design allows for the collection of data from a large number of respondents, making it suitable for exploring the practices of a significant number of students and staff in various schools.
Population of the Study
The target population for this study comprises students and staff from various Nigerian schools. Considering the vastness and diversity of the Nigerian education system, a target population of 1300 respondents was chosen. This includes students from different age groups, grade levels, and geographical regions, as well as teachers and school administrators. The large sample size allows for a more comprehensive representation of the WASH practices in Nigerian schools, considering the varied socio-economic and cultural backgrounds of the participants(Creswell, 2019).
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND DISCUSSION
Data Presentation
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
The study aimed to investigate the level of awareness, current sanitation practices, factors influencing environmental sanitation practices, and the role of socio-economic factors among students at Ebonyi State University. The research utilized a quantitative survey design, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 108 participants. The findings shed light on various aspects of environmental sanitation practices among university students.
Firstly, concerning the level of awareness, the majority of respondents (88.0%) exhibited a high level of awareness about environmental sanitation practices. This positive outcome indicates that students at Ebonyi State University are well-informed about the importance of proper waste disposal, personal hygiene, and potential health risks associated with poor sanitation practices. However, a notable proportion (12.0%) expressed uncertainty or disagreement about their level of awareness, suggesting the need for targeted awareness campaigns and educational interventions to reach all students effectively.
Secondly, in terms of current sanitation practices, the results were promising, with 96.75% of respondents reporting positive sanitation behaviours. This finding suggests that most students engage in responsible waste disposal and utilize handwashing facilities consistently. However, there were a few participants (7.4%) who disagreed or expressed uncertainty about their sanitation practices. Addressing these gaps through continuous sanitation awareness programs and ensuring the availability of proper waste disposal facilities can further improve overall sanitation behaviours on campus.
Thirdly, the study explored the factors influencing environmental sanitation practices among students. The findings revealed that peer influence plays a significant role in shaping individual sanitation behaviours. Approximately 75.0% of respondents acknowledged the impact of peer interactions on their sanitation practices. This highlights the potential for leveraging positive peer influence to encourage responsible sanitation behaviours and create a culture of cleanliness among students. The university can foster peer-led initiatives to reinforce positive sanitation habits and support student-driven campaigns for a cleaner and healthier campus environment.
Lastly, the study examined the relationship between socioeconomic factors and environmental sanitation practices. The results did not indicate a significant relationship between socioeconomic status and sanitation practices. This finding suggests that sanitation practices are not heavily influenced by students’ economic backgrounds. It underscores the importance of universal access to sanitation facilities and emphasizes the need for equal opportunities for all students to engage in responsible sanitation behaviours.
Consequently, the study provides valuable insights into the level of awareness and current sanitation practices among students at Ebonyi State University. It also highlights the role of peer influence in shaping individual sanitation behaviours and underscores the importance of creating a supportive and hygienic campus environment. The findings offer practical implications for the university administration to strengthen sanitation awareness campaigns, improve waste disposal facilities, and promote responsible sanitation behaviours among students. By implementing evidence-based interventions, Ebonyi State University can foster a culture of cleanliness and sustainability, contributing to the overall well-being and health of its student community.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the hypotheses tested, several significant findings have emerged, providing valuable insights into the environmental sanitation practices among students at Ebonyi State University. The study found a high level of awareness (88.0%) among the respondents about environmental sanitation practices, indicating that the majority of students are well-informed about the importance of responsible waste disposal and personal hygiene.
Furthermore, the research revealed that a large proportion of students (96.75%) demonstrated positive sanitation behaviours, such as proper waste disposal and regular use of handwashing facilities. This positive outcome indicates a commendable commitment to maintaining a clean and hygienic campus environment.
The study also highlighted the influence of peer interactions on individual sanitation behaviours, with approximately 75.0% of respondents acknowledging the impact of peer influence. This finding underscores the potential for harnessing positive peer pressure to promote responsible sanitation habits and foster a culture of cleanliness on campus.
Moreover, the results indicated that socio-economic factors did not significantly influence environmental sanitation practices among students. This suggests that regardless of their economic background, students at Ebonyi State University exhibit similar levels of responsible sanitation behaviours.
In conclusion, the study’s findings underscore the importance of continued sanitation awareness programs, peer-led initiatives, and accessible sanitation facilities to enhance environmental sanitation practices among students. By capitalizing on the positive aspects revealed by the study, Ebonyi State University can further improve the overall cleanliness and hygienic conditions on campus, contributing to the health and well-being of its student community.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are proposed to enhance environmental sanitation practices among students at Ebonyi State University:
- Strengthen Sanitation Awareness Programs: The university should continue and expand its sanitation awareness programs to ensure all students are well-informed about the importance of responsible waste disposal, personal hygiene, and the impact of environmental sanitation on public health. These programs can include workshops, seminars, and campaigns to promote a culture of cleanliness and hygiene on campus.
- Improve Access to Sanitation Facilities: The university should ensure that adequate and easily accessible waste disposal bins and handwashing facilities are available throughout the campus. By providing convenient and well-maintained facilities, students are more likely to adopt positive sanitation behaviours.
- Foster Positive Peer Influence: Capitalize on the influence of peers by encouraging student-led initiatives and cleanliness drives. Student organizations can play a significant role in promoting responsible sanitation behaviours and creating a sense of responsibility toward maintaining a clean environment.
- Conduct Regular Assessments: Periodic assessments of environmental sanitation practices should be conducted to monitor the effectiveness of ongoing sanitation initiatives. Regular feedback from students can help identify areas for improvement and inform future strategies to promote better sanitation practices.
- Integrate Sanitation Education into the Curriculum: Consider incorporating environmental sanitation and hygiene education into the university’s curriculum. By integrating these topics into various courses, students can develop a deeper understanding of the significance of sanitation and its relevance to their lives beyond the campus.
Contribution to Knowledge
This study makes several significant contributions to the existing knowledge of environmental sanitation practices among university students. Firstly, it provides valuable insights into the level of awareness and current sanitation behaviours of students at Ebonyi State University. By conducting a comprehensive survey and gathering data from a diverse sample, the study sheds light on the prevailing attitudes toward environmental sanitation and highlights areas that require targeted interventions. This contributes to a better understanding of the factors influencing sanitation practices among university students in Nigeria and provides a foundation for designing evidence-based policies and initiatives to improve campus hygiene.
Secondly, the study examines the factors influencing environmental sanitation practices among students, including the role of socio-economic factors. By exploring the relationship between socio-economic backgrounds and sanitation behaviours, the research adds to the knowledge base on the complexities of sanitation behaviour adoption and identifies potential disparities in access to sanitation facilities and awareness. Understanding these factors is crucial for formulating inclusive and equitable strategies to promote better sanitation practices, particularly among students from disadvantaged backgrounds. The findings contribute to the literature on the social determinants of sanitation practices and offer valuable insights for policymakers and educational institutions seeking to create healthier and more sustainable environments on university campuses.
Overall, this study’s contribution lies in its comprehensive assessment of environmental sanitation practices among university students in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. By examining awareness levels, sanitation behaviours, and the factors influencing these practices, the research provides a nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities in promoting better environmental sanitation on campus. The findings have implications for the design and implementation of sanitation awareness programs, the provision of adequate sanitation facilities, and the promotion of a culture of cleanliness and responsibility among students. Ultimately, this study’s insights can inform evidence-based interventions and policies that foster a healthier and more sustainable campus environment and contribute to the broader efforts towards achieving improved public health and environmental outcomes in Nigeria.
References
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