Effects of Salt Water on Concrete (a Case Study of River Nun in Nember in Bayelsa State)
CHAPTER ONE
OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE OF STUDY
The purpose of the study is to know the adverse negative effect the water (salt) may have on concrete.
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the chemical reaction with cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gal, the quantity and quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully. Sea water has a salinity of about 3.5percent, in that , about 78% is sodium chloride and 15% is chloride and sulphate of magnesium. It is said that the use of salt water (sea) for mixing concrete does not appreciably reduce the strength of concrete through it may lead to corrosion of reinforcement in certain cases. The aim of the experiment is to prove whether or not, if the sea water can reduce the strength of concrete.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
According to history in 1750, the British engineer John Smeatio, Pioneered the diseveries and manufacture all modern cement and use of Portland cement in concrete. When he was called upon to rebuild the eddy-stone, eight house in (1956) he made intensive engines into the state of arts exerting in those days and also conducted experiments with a views to find out the best material to withstand the severe action of sea water, he came to conclusion that line-stone which contained considerable proportion of clay matter yielded better line possessing superior hydraulic properties. In 1996, hydraulic cement was made by calcing modules of argillaceous line-stone in about 1800s the product thus obtained was called roman cement.
This type of cement was in use till about 1850s, after which this was out sated by Portland cement.
The term Portland cement was first used by Joseph Aspdin, (1824) a British cement maker because of the resemblance between concrete made from his cement and Portland stone, witch was much used in building in long land.
The first modern Portland cement, made from line and clay or shale material heated until they formed coders (or clinkers) and then ground, was produced in England in |(1945). At that time, cement was usually made in upright killers where the raw materials were spread between layers of cake, which was then burned.
Later in 1845, Isaac Chales Johnson burnt a mixture of clay and chalk till the clicker stage to make better cement and established factones in 1857. in the early period, cement was exercised for making concrete, as the use of Portland cement was increased for making concrete, engineers called for consistently higher standard material for use in major works.
The ideal mixture, is that which solidifies with the minimum of widens, the mortars and small particles of aggregates filling all interstices.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
COLLECTION OF SAMPLES
COLLECTION OF SALT WATER SAMPLES
The salt water was collected from River State Nun in Nemba Local Government Area of Bayelsa state with three hundred litres (300 lit) gallon containers. The mangrove is surrounded by evergreen trees. The people living in these area practice fishing and farming as their main occupation.
The salt water (sea) was collected both for batching and curing of concrete cubes. The quantity collected was transported to the Federal Polytechnic Nekede for the practical.
CHAPTER FOUR
WEIGHT OF CUBES AND FAILURE LOAD AT THEIR RESPECTIVE CRUSHING DATES
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
The construction of a concrete cube is the mixture of sand, water, crushed stones and cement.
It is also aimed towards the shapes that can withstand strain, in order to fulfill certain service.
The data in chapter iv talks about the comprehensive strength and density of concrete gotten from the calculations, which are in different stages, due to the different stages in curing of the concrete cubes, which was cured in different days, such as 7, 14, 21, 28 e.t.c
The rate of curing helps in the comprehensive strength of the concrete, due to the mixture content absorbed by the concrete.
RECOMMENDATION
This project has enabled us as students have a wider knowledge on construction works, like that of the concrete cubes and so many others. It also brought exposure to the students in many aspects, especially in the practical aspect; which made us go to different places in the course of the practical, to ensure that the practical is a success.
The government/school authorities should endeavour to provide the school laboratories with lot facilities, so that students can perform their practical effectively without having the course to travel or go to other places to perform their practical, to avoid risk of students live (safety).
REFERENCE
- Armstrong, J.P (1989. Pg 519-530); Accelerated Strength Tests for Quality Control of Concrete Pavement. Pundxe University, Publication No. FHNA- RD-89-208.
- Anderson, S.M and R.L Carasquillo (1988, Pg. 128); The effects of Withholding Mixing Water and Retampering on Properties of Concrete. Publication No. FHWA/TX-88+1117-1 Texas State.
- Bartlertt, F.M. and J.G Mc Grejor, (1995, Pp. 52-59); Equivalent Specified Concrete Strength from Core Text Data. Concrete International.
- Cement and Concrete Association, An Introduction to Light-weight Concrete, Forth Edition 1970.
- Concrete technology, Theory and Practice, By M.S Shetty. SCOTLAND & COMPANY LTD
- Obioha I.K (2005); Research and Report Writing Providence Press, Enugu.
- Oduwole D.S.V and Arimanwa M.C (2003); Engineering Construction Technology. Vintage Publication Owerri.
