Effects of Migration on Socio-Economic Development in Greater Accra Region, Ghana
Chapter One
Objective of the study
The objectives of the study are;
- To ascertain whether migrant contribute to the socio economic development in Ghana
- To ascertain the migration economic effect on Ghana
- To examine whether migration risk the socio economic development of Ghana
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Migration: A Conceptual Framework
Migration is often defined in a broad sense through “a temporary or permanent change in residence”, and more specifically as the “movement of a person or a group of persons from a certain geographical unit towards another, crossing political and administrative frontiers, in their will to establish in a different place than the origin one”. Within this framework, there are no restrictions to the geographical distance covered by migrants or to the voluntary or undesired nature of the migration act. However, there is a clear distinction between internal and international migration by relating these concepts to national borders. Thus, in this paper, the focus is on international migration which implies a cross-border movement of persons (labour force, refugees, asylum seekers). The complexity of the migration phenomenon is significantly increased under the impact of globalization. In our analysis, we take into account two aspects of different migrants’ credentials: better labour conditions and living standards (known as labour migration or economic migration) and international protection (humanitarian migration). Economic migration (or labour migration) arises from various motives and is determined by new employment opportunities, improved working conditions, and wage differentials between migrant sending and receiving countries. Humanitarian migration includes “all recipients of protection—whether refugee status, temporary protection, subsidiary protection, etc.”. In this paper, we refer to refugees in lines with the Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees (1951): “a person who is outside his or her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of being persecuted because of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail him—or herself of the protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution”. An asylum applicant is an individual seeking international protection that has formally submitted a request for asylum on the grounds of a refugee status, subsidiary, or humanitarian temporary protection, but has not yet completed the asylum procedure. By comparison, from an economic perspective, a migrant leaves his country of origin due to various reasons, mainly in search of better employment opportunities, living standards at destination, family reunification, or study, and continues to benefit from the protection of his government even when abroad.
Migration: Consequences
As the conventional economic theory suggests, the impact of migration on receiving countries depends on a number of factors, including the skill mix of the immigrants and the characteristics of the host country. In the matter of welfare effects induced by international migration for EU Member States, Aubry et al. quantified these economic consequences focusing on the impact upon natives’ living standard. Thus, the authors developed a model that combines the interactions between the labour market, fiscal aspects, and market size (such as the changes in the variety of goods available for consumers) under the impact of international migration, along with the trade relations between sending and receiving economies. Their results reveal that the immigration inflows had positive effects upon 69% of the native population for 34 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) members and on 83% of the natives from 22 wealthier OECD economies. Immigration impacts upon a host country’s labour market also refer to the effects induced by the variations in the labour supply of a certain qualification, associated with a consequent change in the labour market’s equilibrium.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design
The researcher used descriptive research survey design in building up this project work the choice of this research design was considered appropriate because of its advantages of identifying attributes of a large population from a group of individuals. The design was suitable for the study as the study sought to effects of migration on socio economic development in greater Accra region, Ghana
Sources of data collection
Data were collected from two main sources namely:
(i)Primary source and
(ii)Secondary source
Primary source:
These are materials of statistical investigation which were collected by the research for a particular purpose. They can be obtained through a survey, observation questionnaire or as experiment; the researcher has adopted the questionnaire method for this study.
Secondary source:
These are data from textbook Journal handset etc. they arise as byproducts of the same other purposes. Example administration, various other unpublished works and write ups were also used.
Population of the study
Population of a study is a group of persons or aggregate items, things the researcher is interested in getting information on the study effects of migration on socio economic development in greater Accra region, Ghana. 200 staff of ministry of interior state was selected randomly by the researcher as the population of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Introduction
Efforts will be made at this stage to present, analyze and interpret the data collected during the field survey. This presentation will be based on the responses from the completed questionnaires. The result of this exercise will be summarized in tabular forms for easy references and analysis. It will also show answers to questions relating to the research questions for this research study. The researcher employed simple percentage in the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to ascertain effects of migration on socio economic development in greater Accra region of Ghana
In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges of migration on socio economic development in greater Accra region of Ghana
Summary
This study was on effects of migration on socio economic development in greater Accra region of Ghana. Three objectives were raised which included; To ascertain whether migrant contribute to the socio economic the socio economic development of Ghana. In line with these objectives, two research hypotheses were formulated and two null hypotheses were posited. The total population for the study is 200 staff of department of Immigration in Ghana. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made up heads of department, superintendents, senior officers and junior officers was used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies
Conclusion
Based on these investigations, we could observe that short-term and long-term impacts of migration, which may vary in magnitude, are extensively determined by labour and capital flexibility and the ability of labour markets to adjust to various changes in the short and longer term. In line with what the theory predicts, international migration, one of the main globalization vectors, generates complex economic and social consequences upon migrant sending and receiving countries. For the receiving countries, migration helps fill job vacancies and skills, support economic growth, and bring energy, innovation, and cultural diversity. These credentials are essential for sustainable economic development. Our estimations highlighted that the labour immigrant flows have important positive economic consequences embedded by a series of major changes in the labour market performance both for the native workers and for the foreign population (employment and wage level increases, intensified earnings dispersion) and improved levels of GDP per capita and per person employed. As Ortega and Peri underlined, the “international migration flows are highly responsive to income per capita at destination tightening of laws regulating immigrant entry reduce rapidly and significantly their flow”
Recommendation
Labor migration, an important means of globalization, is the most significant path for socio-economic development of the country. For this reason, Ghana should take necessary steps to produce skill man-power through proper training. It is a crying need for Ghana to ensure appropriate training for its migrant labours before sending them abroad so as to make them able to earn handsome amount, and thus send an increased amount of remittance to home.
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