Effects of Eight Weeks Plyometric Training on Trunk Flexibility of Female Human Kinetic Student of University of Benin

Effects of Eight Weeks Plyometric Training on Trunk Flexibility of Female Human Kinetic Student of University of Benin

CHAPTER ONE

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this was to;

To assess the effects of plyometric training on the abdominal strength of female human kinetic students of University of Benin, Edo state, Nigeria
To assess the effects of plyometric training on the endurance of female human kinetic students of University of Benin, Edo state, Nigeria
To assess the effects of plyometric training on the explosive power of female human kinetic students of University of Benin, Edo state, Nigeria
To assess the effects of plyometric training on the flexibility of female human kinetic students of University of Benin, Edo state, Nigeria
To assess the effects of plyometric training on the speed of female human kinetic students of University of Benin, Edo state, Nigeria
To assess the effects of plyometric training on the agility of female human kinetic students of University of Benin, Edo state, Nigeria

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Bio Motor Ability Variables

Das, Subramaniam and Paul (2014), investigated the fact about the influence of complex training with core exercise programme on agility among soccer players. To achieve the purpose of the study the researcher had selected sixty intercollegiate Soccer players at random and divided them into four equal groups namely experimental group „A‟ underwent complex training (CTG), experimental group „B‟ underwent core exercise programme (CEPG), experimental group „C‟ underwent complex training with core exercise programme (CTCEPG) and control group (CG) did not participated in any of the training programme other than their regular activities. The result of the study revealed after the completion of twelve weeks of training period that the CTG, CEPG and CTCEPG were significantly improved in agility when compared with control group at 0.05 level of confidence interval. Manjo, Rebelo, Abrantes and Sampaio (2010), conducted a study that the short-term effect of complex and contrast training on vertical jump, sprint and agility among elite Soccer players. To achieve the purpose of study twenty three (23) elite Portuesses soccer player were selected at random (age ranged from 17.6 ± 0.6 years). The selected subject were divided into two experimental group (G1 n = 9 and G2 n = 8) and one control group (G3 n = 6). The G1 and G2 groups have done their regular soccer training along with a six-week strength training programme. The load was increased by 5% from 1 repetition maximum each two weeks. The result of the study showed reduction in sprint times (P < 0.05) and increased on squat and jump (P < 0.05) in favour of G1 and G2. Shaikh & Mallick (2012), did study on the effect of plyometric training and weight training on selected motor ability components among University male students. For the purpose of the study the investigator selected sixty male students at random from different colleges and their age between 19-25 years. The selected subjects were divided into three groups. Experimental group one underwent weight training programme (WTG), Experimental group two underwent Plyometric training (PTG) and control group (CG) did not participated in any of the training programme. After the completion of eight-week training programme the investigator found that the experimental group significantly improved in speed, explosive power, muscular endurance and agility when compared with control group at 0.05 level of confidence.

Johnson, Burns and Azevedo (2013), investigated the effect of specific two types of exercise sequence in plyometric training on strength, speed and agility in high school medical students. Thirty nine adolescent medical students were selected at random. Manipulating training programme, the result of the study clearly showed that both traditional resistance method (TRAD) and circuit resistance method (CIRC) significantly improved strength, speed and agility after the end of plyometric training exercise sequence protocol. Arazi, Coetzee and Asadi (2012), conducted a study comparative effect of land and aquatic-based plyometric training on jumping ability and agility of young basketball players. To achieve the goal of the study eighteen young basketball players (age 18.81 ± 1.46 years) were randomly assigned to aquatic plyometric training (AP), land Plyometric training (LP) and control group (CG). The training was for a period of eight weeks. After the 8 weeks of training period the study showed the significant improvement in post-test of the experimental group when compared with the pre test at (P < 0.05), whereas control group showed no significant differences between pre-test and post-test in jumping performance and agility.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of plyometric training programme on the biomotor abilities of female human kinetic students of Uniben, Edo state, Nigeria. The biomotor abilities assessed were; muscular strength, muscular endurance, speed, flexibility, explosive power and agility. To achieve this purpose, the research design, population, sample and sampling technique, instrumentation, testing procedures, training protocols, experimental controls and procedures for data analysis are all explained in this chapter.

Research Design

In this study, the one (1) group repeated measures research design was used. Participants for the study carried out plyometric training programme for a duration of 12-weeks which was organized in a circuit of six (6) stations of training activities. The activities were the hand dips, lateral pull, leg/knee extension, leg press, seated leg curl and abdominal curl. These activities were performed on a Universal Gym Machine (Livestrong). Participants were also involved in biomotor ability tests of muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, power, speed and agility, four (4) times to ascertain the effects of the training programme with the following interval; base-line test, 4^th, 8^th and 12^th week test.

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of plyometric training on the biomotor abilities of female human kinetic students of Uniben, Edo state, Nigeria. To achieve this purpose, the data collected at base-line, 4^th, 8^th and 12^th week of training respectively were statistically analyzed, the results of which were presented and discussed according to hypotheses in this chapter. The biomotor variables assessed were abdominal strength, endurance (VO₂ max), explosive power, flexibility, speed and agility of female human kinetic students of University of Benin Edo state, Nigeria. A total of twenty (20) participants were recruited for the study for a duration of 12 weeks.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The study was conducted to assess the effects of plyometric training on biomotor abilities of female human kinetic students in Uniben, Edo state, Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of this study, twenty (20) female human kinetic students were drawn from the total population (33) of all the female human kinetic students of Uniben, Edo state, Nigeria; and served as participants for the study. A multi- stage sampling technique of purposive, stratified and simple random sampling were used to select the participants. The twenty (20) female human kinetic students sampled for the study comprises of all the playing positions in the football game (that is, defence, mid field, forward and goalkeepers). The repeated-measures research design was adopted for the study, which provided room for the plyometric training method to be organised around six (6) stations of circuit activities (Hand dips, lateral pull, leg press, leg curl, leg/knee extension and abdominal curl) and four (4) assessments of participants biomotor abilities at base-line, at 4^th, 8^th and 12^th week of plyometric training.

The training programme lasted for 12 weeks. The participants were all given informed consent forms to fill and return, confirming their readiness and willingness to undergo the training procedures. A written ethical permission was also obtained from ABU, Zaria, Ethical Committee, to carry out the research.

All the plyometric training sessions were preceded by ten (10) minutes warm up activities which included 5 minutes of easy jogging, jumping jacks, and stretching (active and static) for 5 minutes of the muscles of the upper and lower limbs. The plyometric training programme was structured to last for 12 weeks, with training sessions divided into three (3) phases. Each phase

lasted for four (4) weeks, and arranged as follows; phase one – 1^st – 4^th week, phase two – 5^th – 8^th week and phase three – 9th – 12^th week respectively.

Participants performed six (6) selected different dynamic resistance activities arranged in a circuit with each activity serving as a station. These six (6) activities included; the hand dips, lateral pull, leg press, leg/knee extension, leg curl and abdominal curl. Each training session lasted for 60 minutes (one hour) and three training sessions per week on alternate days (Monday, Wednesday and Friday). The plyometric training of phase one was based on 50% 1-RM of 12 repetitions, for 3 sets with rest interval (RI) of one and half (1^1/2) minutes between sets. Phase two was based on 60% 1-RM of 12 repetitions for 3 sets with rest interval (RI) of two (2) minutes between set and phase three (3) intensity of training was based on 65% 1-RM of 12 repetitions for 3 sets with two and half (2^1/2) minutes rest interval (RI) between set.

After each phase of training was concluded, each participants biomotor ability tests of sit- up for abdominal strength, VO₂ max for endurance, sit and reach for flexibility, broad jump for explosive power, 50 metre dash for speed and 20 metre shuttle run for agility were carried out first at baseline and after each phase of the three phases of training. Results obtained were recorded for each phase (at baseline, at 4^th, 8^th and 12^th week of training respectively).

Data collected were statistically analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of repeated measures ANOVA. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05 alpha-level of significance. The research results revealed that abdominal strength increased at all the assessment stages above base-line results (P = 0.001). Similarly, results of VO₂ max revealed increased endurance ability of the participants above baseline results (P = 0.001). Explosive power of participants also improved at all assessment stages when compared with baseline data (P = 0.001). The flexibility of participants also improved at all assessment stages when compared with baseline data (P = 0.001). The speed ability of participants also improved at all assessment stages when compared with baseline data (P = 0.001). The agility of the participants similarity improved at all assessment stages when compared with baseline data (P = 0.001).

From the results above, it could be concluded that there was significant effect of plyometric training (RT) on the selected biomotor abilities (abdominal strength, endurance, power, flexibility, speed and agility) of female human kinetic students of University of Benin Edo state, Nigeria. Based on the study, the following summary of the major findings includes;

There was significant improvement in the abdominal strength of female human kinetic students of University of Benin (Uniben), Edo state (P = 001) at the 4^th, 8^th and 12^th week of plyometric training.
There was significant improvement in the VO₂max of female human kinetic students of University of Benin (Uniben), Edo state (P = 001) at the 4^th, 8^th and 12^thweek of plyometric training.
There was significant improvement in the explosive power of female human kinetic students ofUniversity of Benin (Uniben), Edo state (P = 001) at the 4^th, 8^th and 12^th week of plyometric training.
There was significant improvement in the flexibility of female human kinetic students of University of Benin (Uniben), Edo state (P = 0.001) at the 4^th, 8^thand 12^th week of plyometric training.
There was significant improvement in the speed of female human kinetic students of University of Benin (Uniben), Edo state (P = 0.001) at the 4^th, 8^thand 12^th week of plyometric training.
There was significant improvement in the agility of female human kinetic students of University of Benin (Uniben), Edo state (P = 0.001) at the 4^th, 8^thand 12^th week of plyometric training.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn;

There was significant effect of plyometric training on the abdominal strength of female human kinetic students of Uniben, Edo state, Nigeria (P = 001). The trunk, hips and abdominal muscles are more resilencent during performance.
There was significant effect of plyometric training on the VO₂max (endurance) of female human kinetic students of Uniben, Edo state, Nigeria (P = 0.001). The general endurance of the players is generally
There was significant effect of plyometric training on the explosive power of female human kinetic students of Uniben, Edo state, Nigeria (P = 0.001). The explosive leg power of players is greatly
There was significant effect of plyometric training on the flexibility of female human kinetic students of Uniben, Edo state, Nigeria (P = 0.001). The free movements of players at the joints are greatly
There was significant effect of plyometric training on the speed of female human kinetic students of Uniben, Edo state, Nigeria (P = 0.001). This makes players to freely move fast and quickly towards the direction of movement to achieve the desire
There was significant effect of plyometric training on the agility of female human kinetic students of Uniben, Edo state, Nigeria (P = 0.001). This helps the players to manoeuverwithin available space during

Recommendations

On the basis of the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made;

Football is the most popular sport in University of Benin Edo state, therefore, the Uniben, Edo state authorities should fully equip or upgrade to acceptable standards, the existing physical fitness laboratory or gym in the College to meet the training needs of all medical students. This would further popularize the use of plyometric training as a preferred method of improving many physiological variables of medical students in the colleges of education and other tertiary institutions in Nigeria.
Biomotor ability training and tests of abdominal strength, endurance (VO₂ max), flexibility, explosive power, speed and agility should be carried out regularly by coaches and trainers of female human kinetic students of the College. This would improve the general performance of the team and most desirably win titles for the College, especially the seemingly elusive Nigeria Colleges of Education Games Association (NICEGA) Football Championship Cup.
Coaches and trainers should be sponsored for further studies at home and abroad toimprove their knowledge in modern scientific training methods, especially plyometric training method. This would help to establish standards and produce quality medical students in colleges of education and other tertiary institution in Nigeria.

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