Effective Ways of Erosion Control on High Way Construction
CHAPTER ONE
Objective of the study
The objectives of the study are;
- To ascertain the effective ways of controlling erosion on high way construction
- To ascertain the kind of erosion that destroy high way construction
- To ascertain the appropriate methods for preventing erosion being used at each site, during and after construction
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
The review of literature on highway erosion and sediment control methods, included publications from diverse sources: state DOTs websites, industry, and tribal, state, and federal government publications, design manuals, federal and national guidelines, and computer programs. The list of resources used for the compilation of the expert system database is provided in Appendix A. Particularly useful information was obtained from a survey of state DOTs in the U.S. Great Plains and Upper & Middle Mississippi Valley. The questionnaire used in the survey, the list of contacted persons, the summary of the survey responses, and specific comments are presented in Appendix B. The synthesis of survey information tabulated in Appendix B shows that the surveyed DOTs use a variety of literature sources for addressing Erosion and Sedimentation Control problems. The common characteristic for all DOTs, in this regard, is that most them have developed their own in-house compilations of manuals/guidelines, possibly to take into account specific issues related to local state conditions. The most frequently cited references are as follows:
1) International Erosion Control Association. “How To Put the BEST Back Into Your Best Management Practices (BMPs),” Short Course – Reference cited by Kansas, Oklahoma, Wyoming
2) Environmental Protection Agency (1992). Storm Water Management for Construction Activities: Developing Pollution Prevention Plans and Best Management Practices; Publication No. EPA-833-R-92-005; Washington, DC – Reference cited by Kansas and Missouri These references also are primary sources of ESCM information for Iowa DOT. The last publication appears to be the most used reference. The content of EPA Publication EPA-833-R-92-005 (EPA, 1992) is adopted in all in-house available guidelines because it refers to the development and implementation of the Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plans (SWPPP).
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design
The researcher used descriptive research survey design in building up this project work the choice of this research design was considered appropriate because of its advantages of identifying attributes of a large population from a group of individuals. The design was suitable for the study as the study sought effective ways of erosion control on high way construction.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Introduction
Efforts will be made at this stage to present, analyze and interpret the data collected during the field survey. This presentation will be based on the responses from the completed questionnaires. The result of this exercise will be summarized in tabular forms for easy references and analysis. It will also show answers to questions relating to the research questions for this research study. The researcher employed simple percentage in the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to ascertain effective ways of erosion control on high way construction. In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges of ways of erosion control on high way construction.
- Summary
This study was on effective ways of erosion control on high way construction. Three objectives were raised which included: To ascertain the effective ways of controlling erosion on high way construction, to ascertain the kind of erosion that destroy high way construction and to ascertain the appropriate methods for preventing erosion being used at each site, during and after construction. In line with these objectives, two research hypotheses were formulated and two null hypotheses were posited. The total population for the study is 200 staff of selected construction companies in Lagos state. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made site engineers, supervisors, senior staff and junior staffs were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies.
Conclusion
The expert system designed in the study is a comprehensive inference engine aimed at assisting state, county, and municipal engineers in the selection, planning and implementation of ESCMs. It is developed to ensure that the selected ESCMs take into account site characteristics, the lifetime of the planned solution, and Iowa’s Midwest environment. The expert system suggests potential ESCMs for a particular situation, and provides general and detailed information on the technical elements involved in ESCM design, construction, inspection, maintenance, removal, economical considerations, and efficiency. The expert system developed during this project is the first of this kind for ESCM purposes. The system potentially can serve other state, county, and municipal engineers beyond Iowa. Given that this first version of the expert system is PC based and addresses limited user categories, it is anticipated that by further refining the level of detail of the knowledge database and by transitioning to a web-based platform, the expert system can be considerably enhanced
Recommendation
Develop a training program, including an instructor’s manual, and deliver training for users. The ES was designed in a simple format with user-friendly interfaces to be easily utilized. However, training sessions would be good opportunities to speed up product implementation/dissemination. Moreover, a training program could foster, through hands-on demonstrations and direct interaction with the users, further actions to enhance the functionality and content of the ES.
References
- Arkansas State Highway and Tranportation Deprtment (2001). Erosion and Sediment Control, Design and Construction Manual
- American Excelsior Company (1995). “ErosionWorks,” Reference Manual, AEC, Arlington, TX
- American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guidelines for Erosion and Sediment Control in Highway Construction (1992) Volume III, Prepared by the Task Force on Hydrology and Hydraulics AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Design
- AASHTO Model Drainage Manual, Chapter 16, Erosion and Sediment Control
- ASCE (1977). “Soil Erosion and Sedimentation,” Proceedings of the National Symposium on Soil Erosion and Sedimentation by Water, ASCE, Chicago, IL. 6.
- California Department of General Services, Soil Conservation Guidelines/Standards, Document published at: http://www.resd.dgs.ca.gov/PSB/ESS/Hollister-Hills-SVRA/Part-II/Part%20IIAppendix-C.asp 7.
- Dolling, H. and Cable, J. (1994). “Iowa Construction Site Erosion Control Manual” Report prepared for the Iowa Department of Natural Resources. 8.
- Illinois Department of transportation (1999). BDE Manual & Construction Memorandum 00-60, Chapter 59: Landscape Design and Erosion Control. 9.
- Illinois Department of Transportation (2002). Erosion and Sediment Control, Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, Short Course Notes 10.