Effect of Punishment and Reward on Academic Performance of Senior Secondary School Students
CHAPTER ONE
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The purposes of this study are to:
- Determine the effect of Corporal Punishment on the Academic Performance of Senior Secondary School students in Shomolu Local government Area of Lagos State.
- Determine the effect of Suspension on the Academic Performance of Senior Secondary School Students in Shomolu Local government Area of Lagos State.
- Determine the effect of Expulsion on the Academic Performance of Senior Secondary School Students in Shomolu Local government Area of Lagos State.
- Determine the effect of Intrinsic Reward on the Academic Performance of Senior Secondary School Students in Shomolu Local government Area of Lagos State.
- Determine the effect of Extrinsic Reward on the Academic Performance of Senior Secondary School Students in Shomolu Local government Area of Lagos State.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Theoretical Base of Reward and Punishment
The basis of behaviorism, applying the use of rewards and punishments in the learning and teaching process is basically as a stimulus or reinforcement of students‟ actions or behaviors. Chen (2011) said, “Behaviorist believes that learning takes place as the result of a response that follows on a specific stimulus” (p.1259). The repetition of the S-R (stimulus-response) cycle will condition the organism (animal or human) into repeating the responses whenever the same stimulus is present (Chen, 2011). Behaviorist believes that stimulus and reinforcers are needed to trigger and strengthen students‟ movement in a success of learning. The practice of substituted stimulus probably worked, and it can be applied in learning as an approach to effective learning. Therefore, it may be working in some cases for some students. Reward and punishment are two learning techniques that are always used in many environments including education, work, and life. Most learning activities in our lives are impacted by these techniques. They have many variations which need to be applied by considering time, place, personality, facilities, and several other variables to yield the best results. Sulser, Azarof and Mayer believe that reinforcement can happen both naturally, as a result of everyday interactions with a social environment, and as part of a behavior modification program designed to change human behavior (Mitonberg, 2013).
Definition of Reward
Reward is an educational strategy which can be used to give motivation to the students in learning process. In a literal sense, reward means to make someone excited, willing, and wishful (Dehkhoda, 1994). Horner and Spaulding (2009) stated, “rewards are defined as any contingently delivered consequence like event, activity and object associated with an increase in the future likelihood of a behavior in similar situations” (p.755). According to Skinner, reward or positive reinforcement is anything that reinforces the wanted response to be repeated after the behavior or an action is made (as cited in Chen, 2011). As addition, Horner and Spaulding (2009) emphasized “if the consequence was a sticker, and the behavior increased, then the sticker was a reward; if the consequence was a reprimand (which included adult attention), and the behavior increased, then the reprimand was a reward” (p.755). Reward in its implementation can be in many forms. Rewards can be in form of verbal praise, good grade, or feeling of satisfaction (Chen, 2011).
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we described the research procedure for this study. A research methodology is a research process adopted or employed to systematically and scientifically present the results of a study to the research audience viz. a vis, the study beneficiaries.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research designs are perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by the researcher whereby different components of the study are integrated in a logical manner to effectively address a research problem. In this study, the researcher employed the survey research design. This is due to the nature of the study whereby the opinion and views of people are sampled. According to Singleton & Straits, (2009), Survey research can use quantitative research strategies (e.g., using questionnaires with numerically rated items), qualitative research strategies (e.g., using open-ended questions), or both strategies (i.e., mixed methods). As it is often used to describe and explore human behaviour, surveys are therefore frequently used in social and psychological research.
POPULATION OF THE STUDY
According to Udoyen (2019), a study population is a group of elements or individuals as the case may be, who share similar characteristics. These similar features can include location, gender, age, sex or specific interest. The emphasis on study population is that it constitutes of individuals or elements that are homogeneous in description.
This study was carried to examine effect of punishment and reward on academic performance of senior secondary school students. selected Secondary Schools in Shomolu Local Government Area of Lagos State. forms the population of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis of data derived through the questionnaire and key informant interview administered on the respondents in the study area. The analysis and interpretation were derived from the findings of the study. The data analysis depicts the simple frequency and percentage of the respondents as well as interpretation of the information gathered. A total of eighty (80) questionnaires were administered to respondents of which only seventy-seven (77) were returned and validated. This was due to irregular, incomplete and inappropriate responses to some questionnaire. For this study a total of 77 was validated for the analysis.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
- There is no significant effect of corporal punishment on the academic performance of Senior Secondary School students.
- There is no significant effect of suspension on the academic performance of Senior Secondary School students.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to ascertain effect of punishment and reward on academic performance of senior secondary school students. In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges of punishment and reward on academic performance of senior secondary school students
Summary
This study was on effect of punishment and reward on academic performance of senior secondary school students. Five objectives were raised which included; Determine the effect of Corporal Punishment on the Academic Performance of Senior Secondary School students in Shomolu Local government Area of Lagos State, determine the effect of Suspension on the Academic Performance of Senior Secondary School Students in Shomolu Local government Area of Lagos State, determine the effect of Expulsion on the Academic Performance of Senior Secondary School Students in Shomolu Local government Area of Lagos State, determine the effect of Intrinsic Reward on the Academic Performance of Senior Secondary School Students in Shomolu Local government Area of Lagos State and determine the effect of Extrinsic Reward on the Academic Performance of Senior Secondary School Students in Shomolu Local government Area of Lagos State. A total of 77 responses were received and validated from the enrolled participants where all respondents were drawn from Shomolu Local government Area of Lagos State. Hypothesis was tested using Chi-Square statistical tool (SPSS).
Conclusion
Based from the result of the study, it can be concluded that rewards and punishment leads to a change in the behavior of the students specially affecting their academic performance and this study proved that it has resulted to the better performance of the students in their subjects
Recommendation
From the results of the study, it is recommended that teachers should always make the appropriate remarks and appreciation for every act or deed that students do or perform in the class.
References
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