Effect of Organic Waste on Water Biological Properties in Enugu, Enugu State
CHAPTER ONE
Objective of the Study
- To determine the effect of organic waste on water
- To determine the effect of organic waste on physical, chemical and biological properties of water in Enugu State.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Effects of Organic Pollution on Fresh Water Ecosystems
Organic pollution occurs when large quantities of organic compounds, which act as substrates for micro-organisms, are released into water sources. During the decomposition process the dissolved oxygen in the receiving water may be up at a greater rate than it can be replenished, causing oxygen depletion and having severe consequences for the stream biota. Organic effluents also frequently contain large quantities of suspends solids which reduce the light available to photosynthetic organisms and, on setting out, alter the characteristics of the river bed, rendering it an unsuitable habitat for many invertebrates. Toxic ammonia is often present. Organic pollutants consist of proteins, carbohydrate, fats and nucleic acids in a multiplicity of combinations. Raw sewage is 99.9 percent is organic (65 percent proteins, 25percent carbohydrates, 10 percent fats). Organic wastes from people and their animals may also be rich in disease- causing (pathogenic) organisms.
Origins of Organic Pollutants
Organic pollutants originate from domestic sewage (raw or treated), urban run-off, industrial effluents and from waste. Sewage effluents are the greatest source of organic materials discharge to fresh waters. In England there are almost 9000 discharges releasing treated sewage, effluent to rivers and canals and several hundred more discharges of crude sewage, the great majority of them thought the tidal reaches of rivers or, via long outfalls, to the open sea. It has been assumed, certainly incorrectly that the sea has an almost unlimited capacity for purifying biodegradable matter.
The effect of Organic effluent
When an organic polluting load discharged into a river it is gradually eliminated by the activities of micro organisms in a way very similar to the processes in the sewage treatment works. This self purification requires sufficient concentrations of oxygen, molecules. Dilution, sedimentation and sunlight also play a part in the process. Attached micro-organisms in streams play a greater role than suspend organisms in self-purification. Their importance increases as the quality of the effluent increases since attached microorganisms are already present in the stream, whereas suspended ones are mainly supplied with the discharge.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials (see appendix)
Method
Sample Collection/Collection of Samples
A total of four (4) samples of waste from Obiagu, Abakpa, Uwani and Emene were taken to the laboratory for analysis.
Physico-chemical Analysis of Waste Water
The Physico-chemical test include the determination of chemical oxygen Demand (COI) Dissolves Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand.
Procedure for COD
10mls of the water was measured into a 250ml of conical flask and 5ml of 0.02N potassium chromate (K2Cr2O7). Also 5ml of Conc H2SO4 was added to 40ml of distilled water, The mixture was shaked vigorously for proper mixing to take place 7 drops of phenonthroline ferrous sulphate was added as an indicator, the mixture was shaked and titration was taken to observe a pink colour as an end point with 0.025 ferrous ammonium sulphate, the experiment was repeated with blank i.e distilled water (H2O) finally the readings were taken.
Procedure for DO
20ml of the sample pipette and 1ml of potassium fluoride was added and 20ml of 0.1m manganese sulphate (MNSO4) and 2ml of alkaline iodine oxide solution. And 2mls of conc. H2SO4). A fresh starch was added as an indicator, titration with 0.025N solution thioxosulphate (Na2S2O3) until a clear colour is observed and the colour changed to blue-black.
Procedure of BOD
Sulphuric acid was added to the sample to bring the pH to 5.0 and the crystal of potassium iodide (100ml) was titrated with 0.025mol sodium dioxosulphite solution using 2 or 3 drops of solution as an indicator. In another portion of sample sulphuric acid was also added to bring the pH of 5.0 followed by sodium sulphite solution which was determined by previous titration. The mixture was allowed to stand for several minutes, then the small portion a drop of 0.125mol of iodide was added which indicate the blue colour detecting BOD. The readings was taken.
CHAPTER FOUR
Table I: Result of Physico Chemical Parameters in Waste Water Samples form Abakpa, Emene, Uwani and Obiagu Enugu Metropolis, Enugu State
Key
Rain Water control
Sample A – Obiagu
Sample B – Abakpa
Sample C – Uwani
Sample D – Emene
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Discussion
The result showed in table I shows the physiochemical analysis which include BOD, COD and DO.
Biochemical oxygen Demand value shows approximately different values. Increased organic matter result in the excess oxidation of organic matter to carbondioxide and the water creates an atmosphere of oxygen depletion and result in high BOD levels. The lowest value of BOD was recorded at sample D and highest value of 342. 12mg/L was seen at the sample B.
Chemical oxygen Demand variation which changed with seasons and also with the release of chemical substances from agricultural waste and sewage. The minimum COD value was recorded with sample D and maximum value of 7797.22mg/l was observed at sample C.
Conclusion
The study on the effect of organic waste had provides a considerable insight into the quality of water present in river, ponds, lakes and surface water close to dump site. The water quality is directly related to health and is important for determination of the water utility. The increasing concentration of various organic chemicals generating form dump site and decomposition of the waste subsequent release to the water surface and raised a wide spread and increasing public concern over their adverse effects on human health and environment. The result of this research point out that samples B, C, and D have a high microbial count.
Further, the study of DO, BOD and COD are very high, the values are not within the permissible wants given by WHO. The reason for high contamination can be attributed to the increased effluent discharge from the dump site. Similarly, higher content of organic load as well as the high rate of microorganism which are the causative factors for maximum.
Recommendation
I recommend that, human waste domestic wastes, agricultural waste and industrial waste should be treated in other to avoid entry into river, pond, lake and well. Also contamination of water by sewage, surface run off and any other source, programme must be organized to educate the general populace on the proper disposal of refuse treatment of sewage and the need to purify our water to make it fit for drinking because the associable organisms are of public health significance being implication in one form of infection or the other.
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