Effect of Counseling on Psychological Adjustment of Students/ Pupils With Hyperactivity Disorder
Chapter One
Objectives of the study
To fulfil the purpose of the study the following objectives were examined:
- To determine the extent to which provision of counselling materials influences students’ counselling in Uyo High School.
- To establish the extent to which lecturer-counsellors’ exposure to training influences student’s psychological adjustment.
- To determine the effect of training of peer counselling on student’s psychological adjustment.
- To establish the extent to which guest speakers on counselling influences student’s psychological adjustment.
- To determine the extent to which the time allocated to student counselling influences student’s psychological adjustment.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
The notion of education, guidance and counseling, historical development, the need for guidance and counseling, and different sorts of counseling were all explored in this chapter. Additionally, it included the role of staff in managing good behavior in schools, the counselor and counseling, the guidance and counseling program and good behavior in universities, as well as personal and social guidance and counseling techniques. The chapter’s other sections covered the difficulties the school administration will have in adopting counseling and guidance, as well as the theoretical and conceptual frameworks and an overview of the literature.
Conceptual Review
The Concept of Guidance and Counseling
According to Birichi and Rukunga (2009), guidance and counseling is a practice that has been around for a very long time and has been passed down from one generation to the next. Counseling and guidance are two terms with overlapping but distinct meanings. They can’t really be separated from one another because of how closely they are related. Furthermore, Mutie and Ndambuki (2002) noted that there is a perception that people are fundamentally autonomous beings. That implies that humans have the capacity to determine their own fate and bear complete responsibility for their deeds, and that they have an inbuilt yearning for autonomy, independence, and self-destruction.
According to (Birichi and Rukunga, 2009), the main objective of guidance and counseling is to help people understand themselves in order to deal with life experiences in a healthy manner. To do this, people must be able to identify the causes of problems and seek out appropriate solutions or ways to avoid the circumstances that could result in unhealthy lifestyles. Ajowi and Simatwa (2010) underlined the importance of guidance and counseling services in managing people’s behavior in all societies.
Overview of Guidance and Counseling Programme
At the start of the 20th century, a push for vocational assistance gave rise to the profession of school counseling in the United States. There is evidence to suggest that some of the techniques and skills of modern-day guidance and counseling were used by catholic priests in the middle ages, as can be seen by the dedication to the concept of confidentiality within the confessional, even though a case can be made for tracing the roots of counseling and guidance principles to ancient Greece and Rome with the philosophical teaching of (Plato & Aristotle, Schellenberg, 2007). One of the earliest texts describing possible careers was published. Tomaso Garzoni’s 1626 work The Universal Plaza of All the Professions of the World, as cited in Schellenberg (2007).
Guidance and counseling in the educational sector in Tanzania and some other African nations is recognized as the newest field in many publications and sources. The First International Conference on Guidance, Counseling, and Youth Development in Africa, which took place in Nairobi, Nigeria, from April 22 to 26, 2002, provided evidence of this by pointing out that the program for guidance, counseling, and youth development was first introduced in Africa in April of that year (Biswalo, 1996). The conference’s goal was to create system requirements for guidance and counseling services for university students.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This section focused on the methodology that was used in the study. It dealt with research design, location of the study, target population, sampling techniques and sample size, research instruments, validity of instruments, reliability of instruments, data collection procedures and data analysis techniques.
Research design
Orodho, (2003) describes research design as the scheme, outline or plan that is used to generate answers to research problems. This study employed descriptive survey design. Borg and Gall (1989), explains that descriptive study determines and reports the way things are and commonly involves assessing attitude, opinions towards individuals, organizations and procedures. In qualitative methods, the knowledge claims used by researchers are primarily based on constructivist perspectives – such as the different meanings of individuals’ life experiences, historically and socially constructed meanings.
Alternatively, qualitative research could also make knowledge claims based on advocacy/participatory perspectives – such as collaborative or issue-oriented). Sometimes, researchers use both. Strategies of inquiry in the qualitative method are case studies, grounded theory studies, ethnographies, phenomenology, or narratives. The researcher typically gathers responses to open-ended queries with the main objective of deriving themes from these data. The scenarios in qualitative research are those wherein the researcher aims to establish the meanings of various phenomenon’s based on the participants’ perspectives. A fundamental aspect of qualitative research is that the investigator observes participants’ behaviours by joining the latter’s activities (Creswell, 2003). On the other hand, researchers could also examine issues like oppression of individuals. To collect data, the researcher used a narrative approach wherein the participants were able to openly discuss how they had personally encountered oppression. The many benefits of the qualitative method include, (i) its employability at “simplifying and managing data without destroying complexity and context;” (ii) it builds on existing traditions; (iii) qualitative data may be coded quantitatively (Nuttal, Shankar & Beverland, 2011; Atieno, 2009, p. 17). Some of the shortcomings of the qualitative data are: it does not attempt to assign frequencies to linguistic features that are identified in the data and ambiguities (Atieno, 2009). Descriptive survey design was relevant to this study because the study sought to collect data from respondents about their opinions on the effect of counselling on the good behavior of university students and the support given by the staffs to G&C in Uyo High School, Akwa Ibom state.
Target population
Target population also known as universe population is a group of elements such individuals, objects or items from which samples are taken for measurement. From information obtained in the office of the A.E.O, Uyo High School comprises of 20 tertiary institutions and each school has a staff and a Head of Department (H.O.D) lecturer-counsellor. The target population were staffs, lecturer- counsellors and form four candidates for reliable information on counselling services offered in their schools. In this study, 20 staffs, 20 lecturers and a total of 720 students of form four candidates were used by the researcher.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Introduction
The main objective of the study was to establish the effect of counselling services on student’s psychological adjustment in tertiary institutions in Uyo High School, Akwa Ibom state. From the analysed data it was found that educational level of school administrators’ positively impacted on the delivery of counselling services. Most of the staffs were males in the age bracket of 40-49 years and all agreed that counselling was important in universities. Most of the parents had attained secondary level education and hence could easily guide their students. The greatest benefits of counselling to students in solving problems as well good behavior of observance.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction
The chapter provides the summary of the findings from chapter four, and it also gives the conclusions and recommendations of the study based on the objectives of the study. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of counselling services on student’s psychological adjustment in tertiary institutions in Uyo High School, Akwa Ibom state. The findings would lead to conclusions on how best to maintain good behavior through counselling services.
Summary of findings
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of counselling services on tertiary institutions student’s psychological adjustment in Uyo High School, Akwa Ibom state. Descriptive survey design was applied to this study because it sought to collect data from respondents about their opinions on the effect of counselling on the good behavior of university students and the support given by the staffs to G&C in Uyo High School, Akwa Ibom state. The main administrative roles of a staff in delivering counselling services in the school are facilitating the workshops of the H.O.D, budget for the department during school budget, appoint and motivate lecturers and provide necessary facilities and resources. The study found out that the majority of the staffs considered counselling services to be important in universities. All the lecturers indicated that counselling services were offered in the schools especially for educational matters. The staffs agreed that through counselling comprehensive advice on career / courses is given to students. The staffs agreed that through counselling services there are less personal problems among the students. The staffs were of the view that counselling services had enabled students to be well well behaved with improved academic performance. Some staffs were undecided that the absence of adequate counselling facilities does not often lead to poor provision of counselling services to students. Also some were undecided that counselling is not only better provided by competent lecturers but even by other lecturers and they disagreed that the school administration is the main contributor to good or bad good behavior to students. This shows that the services can even be offered by other competent lecturers.
The main issues hindering counselling due to lack of resources in the school were lack of privacy since there was no counselling offices. They lacked funds to sponsor the guest speakers and attend workshops. The study found out that most of the students indicated that they benefited from counselling in school in learning, they also indicated that they benefited from counselling in school in relationships and in problem solving. Most students preferred peer counselling to lecturer counselling and all acknowledged the usefulness of counselling in their school life.
Conclusions
The study concludes that counselling is important in universities and was offered in the schools. Counselling services offered were educational guidance, career guidance and psychological and social guidance. Through counselling comprehensive advice on career / courses is given to students. There are less personal problems among the students in the school and students were well well behaved with improved academic performance as a result of counselling. The student inventory, bulletins on different topics, handbooks for different educational opportunities, books on social psychology, psychology magazines was available. Main administrative roles of a Staff in delivering counselling services in the school are facilitating the workshop of the H.O.D, budget for the department during school budget, appoint and motivate lecturers and providing necessary facilities and resources for the counselling services.
Lack of cooperation from administration, students’ unwilling to discuss their problems are as a serious challenge and heavy teaching load for the lecturer- counsellor seam a serious challenge. Main issues hindering counselling were lack of resources in the school, lack of privacy since there were no counselling offices. They lacked funds to sponsor the guest speakers and attend seminars. The students benefited from counselling services especially in areas of learning, relationships and problem solving and good behavior observance. Students indicated that they preferred to go for counselling to the peer counsellor
A voice can bring a lot of impact and is the energy to propel someone’s passion as well as providing an opportunity to rise above the rest and make a difference. Someone may get encouraged to be extraordinary and do commendable work.
Recommendations
The researcher recommends the following;
- i) The staffs in universities to put in place counselling services and provide an office where privacy is made a This will encourage more students to visit the office.
- Counselling lecturers should be well trained on how to carry out their duties by being sent to attend many seminars and workshops to improve on their skills.
- For adequate provision of counselling materials as well as application of peer counselling, there ought to be proper budgeting for the same in terms of finances and time respectively.
- iv) There is need to invite guest speakers who will provide the counselling services to the students in areas of
vi). Student inventory, bulletins on different topics, handbooks for different educational opportunities, books on social psychology, psychology magazines should be provided to the school to improve the department.
REFERENCES
- Airi, J. O. O. (1996). The educational attitudes of some Nigerian adolescent grammar school pupils. West African Journal of Education 10(3) 118 – 121
- Achebe, C. C. (1986). The role and responsibilities of university staffs in the school counselling programme. The Nigeria Journal of counselling 2 (1), 1-11.
- Adimula, D. O. (1988). The attitude of students, lecturers, university staffs towards continuous assessment in some of selected universities in Ilorin. An unpublished Ilorin M.Ed. project Department of Counselling
- Al-Rowaie, O.O. (2001). Predictors of Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Among Kuwait University Students. Published Doctoral Dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
- Bulus, I. (2001). Counselling and counsellor education Nigeria: The post present and future challenges” ABU Journal of counselling and Human Development 1(1), 284 – 299.
- Burks, H. M. & Stefflre, B. (1979). Theories of counselling. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Castilo, G.(1978).Teenagers And Their Problems. Nairobi: Focus Publishers Ltd
- Collins, G.R (2007) Christian Counselling (3rd edition.) Dallas: Thomas Nelson Publishers.
- Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research designs: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
