Design and Implementation of Crime Investigation Using Biometric Approach
Chapter One
Aim and Objectives of the Study
The main aim of this study is to design and implement a crime investigation system with biometric integration. To achieve the stated aim, the following specific objectives were laid.
- Develop a system that can capture, store, and display crime records in a user-friendly manner.
- Integrate fingerprint capturing feature which captures suspects’ fingerprints during registration.
- Crime records of any suspect can be retrieved by simply scanning the suspect’s fingerprint.
- The system will be secured and can only be accessed by authorized users.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
CONCEPT OF CRIME INVESTIGATION
A normative definition views crime as deviant behavior that violates prevailing norms – cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to
behave normally. This approach considers the complex realities surrounding the concept of crime and seeks to understand how changing social, political, psychological, and economic conditions may affect changing definitions of
crime and the form of the legal, law-enforcement, and penal responses made by society [Krkoska, 2016]. These structural realities remain fluid and often contentious. For example: as cultures change and the political environment shifts, societies may criminalize or decriminalize certain behaviors, which will directly affect the statistical crime rates, influence the allocation of resources for the enforcement of laws, and re-shape the general public opinion.
Similarly, changes in the collection and/or calculation of data on crime may affect the public perceptions of the extent of any given “crime problem”. All such adjustments to crime statistics, allied with the experience of people in their everyday lives, shape attitudes on the extent to which the State should use law or social engineering to enforce or encourage any particular social norm. Behavior can be controlled and influenced by society in many ways without having to resort to the criminal justice system. Indeed, in those cases where no clear consensus exists on a given norm, the drafting of criminal law by the group in power to prohibit the behavior of another group may seem to some observers
(Fall) an improper limitation of the second group’s freedom, and the ordinary members of society have less respect for the law or laws in general —
whether the authorities actually enforce the disputed law or not.
According to the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute Imrohoroglu et al. (2006), people victimized by property crime (as a % of the total population) varied between 14.8% in New Zealand to 12.7% in Italy,12.2% in U.K., 10% in U.S., 3.4% in Japan and 31.7% in Nigeria [Imrohoroglu et al., 2016]. The possible explanations for cross country differences are many, ranging from distinct definitions of crimes and different reporting rates (percentage of the total number of crimes actually reported to the police), to real differences in the incidence of crime and even to different cultural aspects. It can even be contributed to democracy as explained by Lin (2007), whereby compared to non-democratic governments, democratic government punish major (minor) crime more (less) and hence this crime rate is lower (higher).
No matter how we look at it, it is still an utmost important subject due to its large impact on a psychological aspect as well as economical aspect. Its pernicious effects on economic activities and more generally on the quality of life
of people contribute to the emerging fact that crime is merging as a priority in policy agendas worldwide. The relationship between crime and development is a very crucial economic issue. Crime can hinder growth in a country. Higher crime rates have been found to reduce both domestic and foreign investment [Rivera-Batiz et al., 2012] and have been linked to lower job creation and sales growth. Due to the complexity of the phenomenon and lack of consensus among policy makers or scholars, research on this issue continues to be conducted in many areas.
CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Introduction
Analysis of the Current System
Investigating the existing system of crime investigation using the Nigerian Police Force, we were able to establish that there are stepwise processes in carrying out crime investigation. Usually, when a crime scene is noticed or
detected, the first thing an officer does is to secure the scene. The officer or crime investigator ensures that not only one aspect of the crime is preserved but also all areas are covered. Next, the crime scene is examined by making proper documentation of the scene which is usually done by gathering evidence, taking
pictures of the crime scene. Taking photocopies of the crime scene usually begins the very minute the investigation officer arrives. It was also gathered that such documentation are done manually using paper files. The investigation
officer also gathered relevant fact from onlookers or anyone who possibly could have spotted the criminal before escaping the crime scene.
Finally, after all relevant facts are gathered and appropriate photograph taken, the facts (evidence, whether physical or photographic) are
analyzed by placing them side by side with all the testimonies gathered along with all observation made while examining the crime scene. Some of
this evidence is examined in the laboratory in order to get more in-depth analysis of the evidence, such as prints that will point to the identity of the criminal.
CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of “System Implementation” can be summarized as follows: making the new system available to a prepared set of users (the
deployment), and positioning on-going support and maintenance of the system within the Performing Organization (the transition). At a finer level of detail, deploying the system consists of executing all steps necessary to educate the
consumers on the use of the new system, placing the newly developed system into production, confirming that all data required at the start of operations is available and accurate, and validating that business functions that interact with the system are functioning properly. Transitioning the system support responsibilities involves changing from a system development to a system support and maintenance mode of operation, with ownership of the new system moving from the Project Team to the Performing Organization.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
SUMMARY
Accurate and reliable identification is an important issue in crime detection. The biometric recognition is emerging as a sound scientific
justifiable tool in investigative procedure. It holds the potential to solve the criminal activities. The augmentation of wide varieties of criminal
activities and advances in biometric technology mean that biometrics will have a more marked impact in crime detection in coming future.
However many improvements in the recognition systems can be expected if recent findings in applied mathematics, statistics and computer sciences are implemented in biometric science.
CONCLUSION
A successful implementation of the Biometrics-Based Crime Records Investigation System will greatly increase the efficiency of the Nigerian
Police Force officers and will help to ensure that criminal records are managed properly monitoring of criminal suspects in the country. the problem of delay in retrieving criminal suspects records for reference purposes and for appropriate court action or prosecution to be taken can be reduced drastically and the efficiency in the management of criminal records and investigation of criminal case being rendered by the Nigerian Police Force will greatly be improved upon. Thus, this study on successful deployment would have great importance to the Nigerian police as the Computerized Criminal Investigation System aiding prompt tracking of criminals, proper management of criminal records and
detection of criminals. It would also be relevant to the court of law as it can be admitted as evidence in a criminal law suit. The academia will also benefit from the study in the area of knowledge acquisition.
FUTURE WORK
Although the developed system met the intended objectives, some modifications can be made for the software to be used across security agencies. The system can be designed using online technologies as to be available from any location and accessed with browser through any internet enabled device.
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