Design and Implementation of Biometric Ignition System
Chapter One
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of this project is to demonstrate the implementation of biometrics into the ignition system of motor vehicles.
The objectives of this study are to:
- Identification of appropriate sensitive fingerprint sensor for ignition systems.
- Configure the prototype biometric ignition system using Adafruit fingerprint module, Arduino Uno board, a fingerprint module, a Vero board and a DC motor.
The results expected from this project is to successfully strengthen the security of cars by making use of a special biometrics system which includes a fingerprint sensor. Once the fingerprint has been compared with the database then only will the ignition of the vehicle come on. This lead to a more secure and reliable vehicle, protection will be increased against crime.
The prices of fingerprint authentication systems, when compared to other biometric systems are quite affordable and the user verification rate is very high, making it a proven core technology. The addition of multiple fingerprints to the fingerprint database increases the system accuracy and the flexibility as well reduces false rate match dramatically.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
The increasing use of information technology has given rise to the need to protect our properties and data in enhanced technological formats. In this chapter we will embrace the literature review of the project which is the concept, theory of biometric systems, ignition systems, finger print technologies and the method in which the problem would be solved.
CONCEPT OF THE PROJECT
This project is a biometric fingerprint ignition system in which a finger print sensor is mounted and a finger is needed to be placed on the sensor to ignite the engine. The fingerprint sensor compares the stored finger print template and the finger impression. If the finger impression matches with the stored template this sends a signal that activates the engine and if it denies it then the engine remains mute.
A procedural step can be seen below:
Capture the chosen biometric
- Process the biometric and extract
- Enrol the biometric template,
- Store the template in a local repository, a central repository or a portable token such as a smart card,
- Live scan the chosen biometric,
- Match the scanned biometric template against stored template,
- Provide a match to stored template.
BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS
The term biometrics was derived from two Greek words “bio” and “metric” which means life and measure respectively. In our study we use biometrics for measuring and analysing a person’s physiological or behavioural characteristics. This characteristics are said to be unique in the sense that it belongs to an individual. Therefore, it can be used to verify or identify a person.
Biometrics is the ability of automatic methods for identifying a person on the basis of some biological or behavioural characteristic of the person is an essential need in the personal device usage in public domain. (Sharm, 2014)
Since biometric identifiers are unique to individuals, they are more reliable in verifying identity than token and knowledge-based methods; however, the collection of biometric identifiers raises privacy concerns about the ultimate use of this information. The biometrics market was expected to be worth $13.8 billion in 2015.
The first time an individual uses a biometric system is called enrolment. During the enrolment, biometric information from an individual is captured and stored. In subsequent uses, biometric information is detected and compared with the information stored at the time of enrolment. Note that it is crucial that storage and retrieval of such systems themselves be secure if the biometric system is to be robust. The first block (sensor) is the interface between the real world and the system; it has to acquire all the necessary data. Most of the times it is an image acquisition system, but it can change according to the characteristics desired. The second block performs all the necessary pre-processing: it has to remove artefacts from the sensor, to enhance the input (e.g. removing background noise), to use some kind of normalization, etc. In the third block necessary features are extracted. This step is an important step as the correct features need to be extracted in the optimal way. A vector of numbers or an image with particular properties is used to create a template. A template is a synthesis of the relevant characteristics extracted from the source. Elements of the biometric measurement that are not used in the comparison algorithm are discarded in the template to reduce the file size and to protect the identity of the enrolee
During the enrolment phase, the template is simply stored somewhere (on a card or within a database or both). During the matching phase, the obtained template is passed to a matcher that compares it with other existing templates, estimating the distance between them using any algorithm (e.g. Hamming distance). The matching program will analyse the template with the input. This will then be output for any specified use or purpose (e.g. entrance in a restricted area). Selection of biometrics in any practical application depending upon the characteristic measurements and user requirements. (brighthub, 2017)
Selection of a biometric based on user requirements considers sensor and device availability, computational time and reliability, cost, sensor size and power consumption.
There are two major categories of biometric techniques:
CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
This section will discuss the design procedure and the basic theory of components used for this project. The section if further divided into two sub-sections as component theory and system design and analysis.
COMPONENT THEORY
In this section, we describe and explain the theory behind the components used in the work ranging from their basic principle of operation to their application in this research work.
This optical fingerprint sensor device uses a high powered DSP chip AS601 that is responsible for the image rendering, calculation, feature finding and searching. It provides TTL serial out which means it can connect to any microcontroller or system. The DSP processor has an on board FLASH memory which is capable of storing 120 finger prints.
The fingerprint identification process has two steps:
- Fingerprint Enrolment
- Fingerprint Matching
These two steps enable the microcontroller/ system to authenticate the right fingerprint and reject the unenrolled fingerprints.
CHAPTER FOUR
TESTING AND CONSTRUCTION
This is the point of the project, where all the research made on the individual components that make up the project come into place, it shows how the different components work hand in hand to obtain or achieve a desired result.
After carrying out all the paper design and analysis, the project was implemented and tested to ensure its functionality based on the specifications used.
IMPLEMENTATION
The implementation of the project was done on the breadboard, the power supply was initially derived from the USB port of the Arduino Uno board. The initial testing was done so as to check for the functionality of the individual equipment of the hardware, the Arduino Uno board was first connected to a power source through its USB port and its functionality was confirmed through the blinking of a light, which indicates proper functionality.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSION
This project has presented the design and construction of a prototype biometric ignition system. It was designed considering some factors such as economic application, design economy, availability of components and research materials, efficiency, compatibility and portability and also durability in an attempt to meet the set objectives of the project.
The developed prototype was tested and found to meet the performance requirements of tis project. However, the general operation of the project and performance was observed to be dependent on the user who could be prone to human error such as wrong connection of the cable, improper fingerprint registration, on how well the soldering was done, and the positioning of the components of the circuit-board. It was observed that if poor soldering lead is used, the circuit might form dry joint early and in that case the project might fail. Also, if logic elements are soldered near components that radiate heat, overheating might occur and affect the performance of the entire system. Other factors that might affect performance include transportation, packaging, ventilation, quality of components, handling and usage.
The output of this research project is hereby recommended for further research on implementation of biometric ignition systems as a benchmark for subsequent research projects in this area.
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