Construction of Automatic Water Level Controller for Both Overhead and Underground Tanks
Chapter One
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The goal or objectives of which the designed device is expected to accomplish is to build an automatic water level control with automatic control system. In this project sensors are place at different level of the tank and with the aid of this sensors, the micro-controller monitor the level of the liquid at any particular point in time, some of the objectives are
- to design an automatic water monitoring system
- to incorporate an interactive medium between the end user and the machine
- to prevent over labor of the pumping machine and prevent it from getting bad
- to avoid wastage of water
- since the demand of electricity is very high, automatic water level control saves energy
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW
An automatic water level control detects the water level in the tank and also ensures continuous water flow round the clock because of its automatic, this automatic water control is made up of microcontroller written in C programming language this program is burn into an IC called AT89S52 With 40 pins. The level measurement consist of determining the distance from the upper surface of a liquid in a reservoir or vessel or any arbitrarily chosen mark located above or below this surface by itself the level is not an independent physical quantities describing the state of a substance through direct and indirect level, some examples of direct level measurement are dipstick, the bubbler, immersion electrode, capacitor type ,liquid level radiation type liquid level measurement .for instance the dipstick, it is very simple, the stick being dipped periodically through a hole and the hole and the immersion mark is being read off with the aid of the calibration on the stick. Then, the direct level measurement are sight glass ,depending on the manometer principle, the transparent tube is place in a convenient and its being connected to the lower part of tank and graduated for safety reasons, the top the bright glass is vented into the tank and the sight has isolation valve top and bottom while the micro base; water level controller has the ability to switch on the pumping machine when the water in the tank has gone below gauge level automatically switches the OFF the pumping machine when the water in the tank has reach its maximum level. Electronics circuit has undergone tremendous changes since the invention of a triode by LEE DE FOREST in 1907. In those days the active component like resistors, inductors and capacitors etc. Of the circuit were separated and distinct unite connected by soldered lead with the invention of a transistor in 1984 by W.H Brattain and I.barden, the electronic circuit became considerably reduced in size. IT was due to the fact that transistors were not only cheaper, more reliable and less power consumption but was much smaller in size than an electronic tube. To take advantage of small transistors size, the passive component too were reduce in size there by making the entire circuit very small development of printed circuit board(PBC) further reduce the size of electronics equipment by eliminating bulky wiring and tie point. In the early 1960s a new field of micro-electronics was born primarily to meet the requirement of the military which was to reduce the size of it electronics equipment to approximately one tenth of it then existing volume. The drive extreme reduction in the size of electronic circuit has lead to the development of micro-electronics circuit called integrated circuit (ICS) which are so small than their actual construction is done by technicians using high powered microscopes. An integrated circuit is a complete circuit in which both the active and passive component are fabricated in on a tiny single chip of silicon, Active component are those which have the ability to produce gain example are transistors and field effect transistors (FET). An integrated circuit sometimes called a chip or microchip is a semi-conductor wafer on which thousand of millions of tiny transistors, capacitors are fabricated, An IC can be either analog digital depending on its intended application.
SENSORS
Level sensor detect he level substance that flow including liquid s slurries, granular materials and powders. All substance that flow to become essentially level in their containers (or other physical boundaries) because of gravity The substance to be measure can be inside a container or can be in its natural form (e.g. river or lake) . The level measurement can be either continuous or point value. Continuous level sensors measure within a specified range and determine the exact amount of substance in a certain place. Hill point level sensors only indicate whether the substance is above or below the sensing point generally the latter detect levels that are excessively high or low there are many physical and application of variables that affect selection of optimal level monitoring method for industrial and commercial processes.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
There are many methods of designing an automatic water level control with switching device but all these methodologies require human assistance. In this project an automatic water level control for both over head and underground tank with switching device is designed using electronic control to refill the water without human intervention. The system design was carefully arranged to refill the water tank any time water get low to a certain level finally the system automatically shut down the water pump by putting the electric pump by putting the electric pump off when the tank is full. The approach used in this work is the modular design approach the overall design was broken into function block diagrams. Where each block in the diagram represent a section of the circuit that carries out a specific function. The system was designed using functional blocks as shown in the block diagram bellow in this method the circuit is designed to display 3 different level using three sensors to monitor the inflow of water in the tank. However these displays can be increased and decrease depending upon the level resolution required. This can be done by increasing or decreasing the number of level detector and associated component. Diodes full-wave rectifier are used to power the system through a volts battery the rectifier output is filtered using capacitor C through C3 respectively the final design schematic circuit diagram of the method is shown below in the figure.
CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
Overview of the project
As seen in chapter one, the project consist of six blocks. Which depicts the functional parts of the system. In this section, I will like to make conceptual design of the design of the system to have in the detail design of the hardware. The design gives an overview on the function of the major block, how they are integrated and the data flow arrangement. A sensitive automatic detector of water level controller will switching device can the design process characterized by the following
- Definition of task
- Requirement
- Factor that influence choice
In defining a task, every design comes from an idea or a problem that require a solution. Questions may be generated on what exactly that is required to be achieved and the feasibility of the ideas as regards to the implementation. If these questions are analyzed critically with tangible solutions to the problem, a development of this idea into a reality is the next step.
CHAPTER FIVE
SYSTEM TESTING AND INTEGRATION
After the design and implementation phase, the system built has to be tested for durability and effectiveness and also ascertain if there is need to modify the design .the system was first assembled using breadboard
.all the component were properly soldered to the Vero board from whence some test were carried out at various stage .to ensure proper functioning of component expected data, the component were tested using a digital multimeter (DMM). Resistors were tested to ensure that there within the tolerance value. Faulty resistor were discarded. The AT78LS05 voltage regulator, the resulting output was 5.02v which is just a deviation of 0.20v from the expected result of 5.00v, the pump was also tested to ensure that it was working properly.
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION
Going through the planning, flow process, design and software implementation, the system has been a tough one, the chapter one to four has actually tried as much as possible to explain vividly almost all (if not all) what is involved in the construction of this project. After the complete design of the system, the deviation between the expected result and the actual result was very close. The performance and efficiency was beyond expectation and from every ramification the design of automatic water controller was successful
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
During the course of designing this system there were series of problems encountered which came on the way of achieving the desired goals of this project. Some parts require re-designing and the software debugging also created a bit of the problem. After installing the pump, I noticed that the bucket was punched there by making water to leak, this was so challenging because it leads to me changing the tank which affected the budget.
RECOMMENDATIONS
I strongly recommend that government should set up industries for production of basic electronic component locally and establish research centers in each university to enable student have good sound practical knowledge on electronics component and their operation
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