Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Strength of Three Most Common Antibiotics Used in Enugu (Case Study of Antibiotics Drugs Brought in Obiagu.)
CHAPTER ONE
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
- To identify causative organism that are delectious to mans health.
- To determine the potency of the different antibiotics.
- To know the type of organism sensitive to the different antibiotics.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
PROCUREMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS
STRERPTOMYCIN
Streptomycin belongs to a group of compound known as antibiotics which are produced by microorganisms and possess the property of inhibiting the growth and even of destroying other organisms (Rang et al, 2003). Streptomygriseus the streptomycin-producing organism was isolated in September 1943 and the first public announcement of the antibiotics was in 12 January 1944. The practical potentialities of all clerical application followed recognition that streptomycin was effective against the tuberculosis organism not only in vitro but abo invivo. Several clinical centers undertook to the sensitivity of different freshly isolated strains of Mycobvactenun tuberculosis to streptomycin its practical evaluation in control of tuberculosis in experimental amals and finally its use in the human body. The two chiefly mycobacterium human disease pathogen are M. tuberculosis (which causes tuberculosis) and M. Leprae (which cause leprosy) bacterium actually varies since on artificial media spherical bacilli are thin straight rods measuring approximately 0.4×3 microns (Favy, 1981). It was recommended that a minimum period of treatment should be 3-6 months with daily does of 15-3.0g. on basis of treatment 100 tuberculosis cases, came to the rather optimistic conclusion that streptomycin is an antibacterial agent which possesses a unique inhibition to the growth of M. Tuberculosis both experimentally and clinically (snider et al, 1985).
Disseminated henatogenous tuberculosis of the ralary type here to fore did not respond to treatment spontaneous recoveries being entrenely. By the use of 13 streptomycin it was possible to bring about a complete clinical and roentgenologic remission (Blackburn and Aveny, 2000). After intramuscular infection, streptomycin is rapidly absorbed and widely distributed in tissues except the central nervous system only 5% of the encellular concentration of streptomycin reaches the interior of the cell.
Absorbed streptomycin is exerted by glonerullar filteration into the urine. After oral administration it is poorly absorbed from the gut; most of it, is enecreted in feacus (Jawet, 1988)
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METYHOD
SAMPLE COLLECTION
Sample of high vaginal swab (HVS) and urine sample were collected from park lane Hospital, Enugu. They were taken to the laboratory for immediate analysis.
MEDIA COMPOSITION
The media used were nutrient Agar and blood agar.
Table !: Nutrient agar
Beef extract – 3.0g
Yeast extract – 2.0g
Peptone water – 5.0g
Nacl – 5.0g
Agar (oxoid) – 2.0g
Distilled water – 100ml
pH – 2.0
TABLE 2: BLOOD AGAR
Nutritious agar – 5.6g
Sterile defrinated blood – 2.5ml
AGAR
DIRECTION FOR PREPARATION OF NUTRIENT
5.6g of Nutrient agar was weighed into 200ml of distilled water in a conical flask. This was then nined gently by shaking the conical flask, corked with cotton wool and wrapped with aluminum foil. It was then sterilized in the autoclave at 121°c for 15 minutes. The both was allowed to cool for 50。° and was poured aseptically into petn dishes. It was allowed to solidify and kept in the refrigerator.
AGAR
DIRECTION FOR THE PREPARATION OF BLOOD
The molten Nutrient agar was allowed to cool for 50°c and 25ml of sterile defrinated blood was poured into petridishes aseptically, allow to solidify and kept in the refregerator.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
ISOLATION AND IDETIFICATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.
Staphylococcus aureus grow readily on most bacteriologic media under acerbic condition they grow most rapidly at 37°c but form pigment best at wom temperature (20-25%) it appeared whitish in colour on blood agar. There are various procedures of biochemical test used to identify staphylococcus aureus which includes:
- Catalase test: A small amount of the culture was picked from the nutrient agar slope using a clean sterile platinum loop and these was emulsified in a drop of hydrogen perionide solution held in a small clean tube. The production of bubbles from the surface of the solid cultured material indicated the presence of Catalase.
- Oxidase test: A loopful of 1 % tetra-nethyl phenylene diamine dihydrochloride coxidase reagent was sterile platinum loop, the colony was sneared across the moistened paper. Positive reaction was indicated by purple collaring across the streak. Used to show acerbic respiratory
- bacteria that can produced the enzyme cytochorne oxides and those that produce a reducing cytochrone C.
- INDOLE TEST: Peptone water medium was isoculated and incubated for 48 hours at 37°c, 0.5ml Kovacs reagent was added and was shaken gently. A red colour in the alcohol layer indicated a positive reaction and thus Shaw that tryptophan had been broken down by the organisms.
- Citrate Utilization test: This test was done to determine which organization are capable of utilizing citrate as the sole source of carbon for metabolism with resulting alkalinity, and used to differentiate them.
CHAPTER FIVE
RECOMMENDATION
Whenever people are sick they should not from this work in which case Gentnicin is more effective in the treatment of staplococcus aureus and Escheriches coli than the other antibiotics.
Therefore for the treatment of any disease infection a culture and sensitivity test must be conducted to select the best antibiotics for the treatment of this disease.
CONCLUSION
An ideal antibiotics exhibits selective toxicity. This implied that a drug in harmful to a the host. There are many antibiotics used in our society for the Fruition these antibiotics includes, erythromycin, Ampicillin, tetracylines, penicillin, Lincomycins Etc. of all these antibiotics streptomycin Chloramphenicol and gentanecin have been found to be effective in bacteria and other related infections. They can be used singly or mixed with one another for better result. In the course of the study, Gentameicun in found to be most effective to the organization tested.
REFERENCES
- Backer F.J and Silver R.E (1985) Introduction to Medical laboratory Technology 6th Edn Butter works and co. London pp.125-130
- Barstow L. J (1979) Laboratory Microbiology 3rd Ed, W.B Saundra Company Philadelphia. London.
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- Farner J. J (1995); Manual of clinical microbiology 6th Ed. Medical publishing division.
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