Causes, Impact, and Solution of Unemployment in Delta State; Case Study of Ethiope West Local Government, Oghara
Chapter One
Aim and objective of the study
The broad objective is causes of unemployment among graduates in Delta State,
Nigeria. Which will be achieved through the following specific objectives:
- To identify the determinants of unemployment among graduates.
- To examine the differences in the causes of unemployment between male and female graduates
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study is find out the determinant of graduate unemployment in the state, then to extent does these determinant influences graduate unemployment. Also, to identify the difference in the causes of unemployment between male and female graduates; means to assess if there is any difference between male and female graduates in the state in terms of employment. This study is also, focus only on the aspect of graduates why are they facing graduate unemployment. That is the reason why this study is carry out.
CHAPTER TWO
LITRATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provide survey of previous work conducted by scholar and economist on the causes of unemployment among graduate and related issues. In order to achieve the stated objective, this chapter is divided into three section and sub-sections. While section one deal with the conceptual issues, section two treat theoretical framework, and final section conveys review of empirical literature on graduate unemployment.
CONCEPTUAL ISSUES
CONCEPT OF GRADUATE
The word graduate was derive from Latin called “Gradus” meaning “degree or step” (en.oxforddictionaries.com). A graduate is who has successfully completed a course of study or training, especially a person who has been awarded an undergraduate or first academic degree (en.oxforddictionaries.com). In order word a graduate refers to holder of appropriate degree of a minimum of bachelor degree from a recognized universities particularly Nigeria University or National Diploma like ND and HND or its equivalent from a recognized Polytechnics (charle udeghunam, 2006). Moreover, Graduate refers to someone who has been the subject of a graduation, namely, someone who has completed the requirement of an academic degree (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/graduate).
TYPES OF GRADUATE
In the literature there are many type of graduate, but in this study only those that have attend university are regarded are graduate. In this society only those that have gone to university are regarded as graduate. These graduate are:
- University graduate (graduates or bachelor’s degree holders): A bachelor’s degree is an undergraduate university degree. Studying for allows you to explore your chosen subject in depth much more so than in diploma, certificate or short course (www.openuniversity.edu/course/programmes/bachelor’s-degrees). In another words a bachelor’s degree is a four-year degree meaning it typically takes four year of full-time study to complete your bachelor’s degree. A bachelor’s is a post-secondary undergraduate degree.
- Other type of graduate are; National Diploma and Higher National Diploma holders are also called graduate, in the absence of bachelor’s degree holders.
CONCEPT OF UNEMPLOYMENT
There is no exact definition of unemployment in the economic literature. To the layman, unemployment means a state of joblessness. Unemployment is a state of affairs when in a country there are a large number of able-bodied, persons of working age who are willing to work but cannot find work at the current wage level. People who are either unfit for work for physical or mental reason, or don’t want work e.g. Sadhus are excluded from the category of the unemployed (Ahuja, 2008). Also according to Sule Ahmad Gusau (2005) unemployment exist if those who are willing to work and able to work cannot get job. Moreover, In the word Fajana (2000), and Standing (1983) opined that unemployment can be describe as the state of worklessness experienced persons who are members of the labor force who perceived themselves and are perceived by others as capable of work. The International Labour Organization (ILO) defined unemployment as the people who are out of work, want a job, have actively sought for work in the previous four weeks and are available to start work within the next fortnight; or out of work and have accepted a job that they are waiting to start in the next fortnight (ILO, 2005).
TYPES AND CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT
TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT
In the literature there is nine type of unemployment, according to Asoluka & Okezie (2011) I identified five types of unemployment these are:
[1]. Structural unemployment: Occurs when there is a change in the structure of an industry or the economic activities of the country. As an economy develops over time the type of industries may well change. This may be because people’s tastes have changed or it may be because technology has moved on and the product or service is no longer in demand.
[2]. Frictional unemployment: This type of unemployment is caused by industrial friction, such as, immobility of labor, ignorance of job opportunities, shortage of raw materials and breakdown of machinery, etc. Jobs may exist, yet the workers may be unable to fill them either because they do not possess the necessary skill, or because they are not aware of the existence of such jobs. They may remain unemployed on account of the shortage of raw materials, or mechanical defects in the working of plants. On average it will take an individual a reasonable period of time for him or her to search for the right job.
[3]. Seasonal unemployment: This is due to seasonal variations in the activities of particular industries caused by climatic changes, changes in fashions or by the inherent nature of such industries. The rain coat factories are closed down in dry season throwing the workers out of their jobs because there is no demand for rain coat during dry season. Likewise, the sugar industry is seasonal in the sense that the crushing of sugar-cane is done only in a particular season. Such seasonal industries are bound to give rise to seasonal unemployment.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
introduction
This chapter is committed to explaining the methodology of this research project. It begins with research design, study area, population, sample and sampling techniques, instrument for data collection, validity and reliability of research instrument, method of data collection, and method of data analysis.
Research design
To start with definition of research design “Research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collection and analyzing the needed information.” William Zikmund. This study use a survey research design which focus on finding out the determinants of graduate unemployment in Delta State. This type of design is most preferred because it is concerned with the statistics and result when data are abstracted from affected individual or groups. The design approach offers best practice for studying the dependent relationships among the variables on the graduate unemployment in the state.
description of study area
This study was carried out in Delta State, Ethiope West Local Government Area, Oghara, Nigeria. With the aim to analyze the causes of unemployment among graduates in Delta State, Nigeria.
population
A collective term used to describe the total quantity of cases of the type which are the subject of the study. It can consist of objects, people and even events, Nicholas Walliman (2011).
The population of unemployed graduate from the state is not available as at the end of the year 2016. But the exact figure of unemployed graduate in the state is unknown. Because it’s very difficult to get precise number of unemployed graduate in the state.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is concerned with data presentation and analysis. It further interprets and discusses the findings of the analysis carried out. From the inferential results, we can be able to make decisions about the various hypotheses under study.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter conveys the concluding remarks of this research work. It provides a summary of findings, conclusions, recommendations for policymakers, and suggestion for further study.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
This study investigate the determinant of graduate unemployment in Delta State, and also analyzes the difference between among male and female graduate in Delta State. Linear multiple regression and independent t-test were carried out to aid in achieving the objective of this research work. The study finds hat studying History, graduate with second class lower and those study from faculty of Art, faculty of social science, have positive significance effect on graduate unemployment in Delta State, while independent t-test shows that there is negative significance difference between male and female graduate in Delta State.
RECOMMENDATION
These result have some important implication for policy in the future. The graduate unemployment that make so many graduate in the state unemployed, there is need to be in check before in cause imbalances in the economy. Another important policy implication for government/private agency should change the culture of employment base on certification consideration but rather they should give more emphasis on what graduate can do. Also, government should increase more effort in making graduate not depend on her for providing jobs, the issue of graduate unemployment within the state will things in the past. Moreover, there is need for government intervention to avoid skills miss-match among graduate in the state so that to reduce the rate of graduate unemployment. This statement it was supported by Oluwole, Adeoye & Kayode (2012) opined that Discipline missmatch bring about of graduate unemployment. Lastly, there is need for state-university collaboration so that to know the required graduate an economy need at a time. I urge policy makers to take note of this result in the formulation of future employment policies in the state.
CONCLUSION
Originating from the topic of investigation on graduate unemployment in Nigeria: a case of Delta State. One may safely say that majority of graduate facing graduate unemployment in the state, the answer is yes; because study has reveal that those graduates from faculty of Art, and faculty of social sciences are the one facing graduate unemployment challenges. The variables has positive significance effect on graduate unemployment, on the other hand those study history, and those graduate with second class lower are the one likely to be unemployed in the state. Lastly, the study conclude that graduate s that graduated from Faculty of Arts and social sciences are the one likely, facing graduate unemployment in the state.
SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER STUDY
The major challenges to research is time. Hence, this affect the area of coverage in the study, secondly, financial constraint make the study to cover a very small sample size. So, based on the aforementioned limitation, I suggest that further study on graduate unemployment should make use of both primary and secondary data analysis, so as to get a broader picture of the determinant of graduate unemployment in an economy, especially Nigeria.
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