Causes and Effect of Child Trafficking on the Education of the Victims Case Study of Ife Central Local Osun State
CHAPTER ONE
Objective of theStudy
The objectives of this study are:
- To examine the influence of child trafficking between victims and non-victims in their personality psychological stress level among Junior Secondary School students in Osun state.
- To examine the influence of child trafficking between victims and non-victims in their personality depression level among Junior Secondary School students in Osunstate
- To examine the influence of child trafficking between victims and non-victims in their academic adjustment among Junior Secondary School students in Osun
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Conceptual Framework:
Concept of Personality
Universally, human beings are embodiment of personality. By implication, there is no human being on earth that has no unique, enduring, consistent and uncommon characteristics. We all as humans, have at one time or the other displayed our personalities at different occasion or event. The psychological concept of personality goes beyond mere appearance or outward behaviour. The question of how best to interpret or define personality has long exercised the minds of psychologists (Mangal 2011).
Watson (1930) as cited in Warren (2009), the father of behaviourism, on the basis of his behavioural studies, opined that “personality is the sum of activities that can be discovered by actual observations over a long enough period of time to give reliable information”. In this definition, Watson tried to make the word personality synonymous with the consistent behaviour patterns of an individual. This, however, reflected a very narrow meaning of the term personality. In his own view, Morton (1929) in Miller and Keane (2003), tried to give personality a broader base by accepting the role of both environmental and hereditary factors in constituting what is termed as personality. According to him, “personality is the sum total of all the biological innate dispositions, impulses, tendencies, appetites and instincts of the individual and the dispositions and tendencies acquired by experience. The definition of Morton was criticized on the ground that it does not present an integrated and organizational view of personality. Personality cannot be described through merely summing up the various elements involved in it (Sherman and Mark 2001).
The inability of various existing definitions to describe personality in acceptable terms led Allport (1948) as cited in Mangal (2011), to engage in trying to descover some useful definitions of personality. In his own view, “personality is a dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.” Although Allport tried to give a comprehensive definition of the term personality by reorganizing its dynamic nature and organizational aspects and by emphasizing the role it can play in an individual’s adjustment to his environment. Mangal (2011), argued that Allport’s definition of personality suffered from serious defects. He said in emphasizing the dynamic organization within the individual, Allport seems to view personality as somewhat different from the individual, residing within him, rather than as an integrated unity of mind and body. Personality to him is something put into the individual. Contemporary psychologists like Cattell (1970) and Eysenck (1971) are of the opinion that the true nature of personality cannot be understood by considering only the behavioural or dynamic aspects. Cattell (1970), viewed personality as that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation.
An American psychologist, Maddi (1976), in his own opinion, considered personality as an organized and integral whole of definite characteristics and tendencies within the individual which make him correspond to the person of his group, society, culture and nation and at the same time maintain the individuality and uniqueness of his personality. Thus, he said personality is the stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine those commonalities and differences in the psychological behaviour (thoughts, feelings and actions) of people that have continuity in time and that may or may not be easily understood in terms of the social and biological pressures of the immediate situation alone. These characteristics and tendencies (inherited as well as acquired) although stable to a large extent are subject to change and modification according to the needs of the time and the environmental situation for making one adjusted to one’s self as well as to the environment. The causes of such modification and changes are not necessarily linked with present physical, biological and social situations, and may be connected with the earlier childhood experiences, genetic code and many other unknown factors. Thus, what a person presents in his totality is his personality (Horgan 1976)
According to Warren (2009), personality is the characteristic pattern of behaviour that distinguishes one person from another. Personality could also be referred to as the individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. It focuses on two broad areas: understanding individual differences in particular, personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability (Boeree 2006).
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The design that was adopted for the study is ex-post-facto design. This design is appropriate for this study because the events (trafficking) had already taken place and the data are already in existence and are available (i.e. victims of child trafficking). Since the data are already in existence, which is sufficient to provide adequate information for the problem under investigation. Nworgu (1991) supports the use of ex-post-facto design when investigating the events that had already taken place.
Population of the Study
The target population for this study consists of victims and non-victims of child trafficking in Junior Secondary Schools in Osun state. Victims of child trafficking who have been rescued but are now in school, while the non-victims are those children that have not experienced trafficking and are also in school. These victims according to the information from Osun state Ministry of Education are spread across designated schools in the state. Below is table 3.2.1 showing the statistics of victims and non- victims of child trafficking and their various schools, as obtained from Osun state Ministry of Education, Osogbo –city as at February 2015.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Introduction
This chapter presents the data analysis of the study titled “Influence of child trafficking on personality and academic adjustment among Junior Secondary school students in Osun state. The analysis is based on 264 victims and non-victims of child trafficking in their personality psychological stress, personality depression and academic adjustment levels. The SPSS Statistical Package Version 20 was used for the data analysis. The first section presents the bio data variables (child trafficking status, Sex , age and school of respondents) analysis using frequencies and percentages distribution, while the second section answers the research questions using their comparative mean in their personality psychological stress, personality depression and academic adjustment levels. The third section presents and interprets the three null research hypotheses using the comparative Independent t- test statistics between the victims and the non- victims of child trafficking. All hypotheses are tested at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The fourth section outlined the major findings of the study and the last section discussed the findings.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction
In this chapter, a brief summary of the five chapters, and conclusions deduced from the study with relevant recommendations in form of suggestions for further studies are also given.
Conclusions
The main objective of this study is to assess the influence of personality psychological stress and personality depression and academic adjustment of Junior Secondary school students in Osun state of Nigeria. Based on the findings, the following conclusions can be deduced:
- Child trafficking has influence on personality psychological stress as victims had higher level of personality psychological stress than their non- victim counterparts
- Similarly, child trafficking has influence on personality depression as victims had higher level of personality depression than their non – victims counterparts.
- Also, child trafficking has influence on academic adjustment as non-victims had higher level of academic adjustment than their victim counterparts.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the researcher hereby provides the following recommendations:
- Victims and non-victims of child trafficking should be sensitized on the effects of child trafficking on personality and academic adjustment in
- Workshops, seminars and lectures should be organized for both victims and non-victims of child trafficking to provide social
- School psychologists and counsellors have to help victims of child trafficking to come out of the nightmare of the traumatic experience.
Suggestions for further studies
The following are suggestions for further studies in the relevant areas:
- The influence of child trafficking on the Students’ Academic Performance in Secondary Schools in West geopolitical zone of the
- The Influence of Socio-Economic background on child trafficking and other social vices in Osun
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