Behavior Change Communication and Abattoir Sanitation in Port Harcourt Metropolis
Chapter One
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are;
- To ascertain the relationship between behavioral change communication and abattoir sanitation in port Harcourt metropolis
- To ascertain the effect of abattoir environment to human health
- To identify various ways environmentalist/ policy makers could help change human behavior and responses to environmental option that will promote waste management
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
CONCEPT OF ABATTOIR
Abattoir, also known as slaughter house is a place where animals are butchered for food. (Collins English Dictionary). Abattoir Acts (1988) defined abattoir as any premises used for or in connection with the slaughter of animals whose meat is intended for human consumption and include a slaughterhouse but does not include a place situated on a farm. Animals include cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and other equine animals. The killing of animals for community consumption is inevitable in most nations of the world and dated back to antiquity. Public abattoir had been traced to Roman civilization and in France by 15th and 16th centuries, public slaughter houses were among the public facilities. In Italy, a law of 1890 required that public abattoir be provided in all communities of more than six thousand inhabitants. Similar things were reported in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands and Rumania (Jode Loverdo et al. 1906). Robert Forster (2005) reported that in United Kingdom, abattoirs or slaughterhouses perform a vital role in purchasing cattle, and sheep from farms and transforming them into carcass meat. He revealed that in 2001, there were about 360 licensed red-meat abattoirs in UK compared with almost 900 in 1990. In Nigeria, nearly every town and neighbourhood is provided with slaughter house or slaughter slab. Edwards et al. (1979) published on slaughter facilities for tropical conditions and observed that abattoir may be situated in urban, rural and nominated industrial site and that each has advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of the rural site according to him out-weighed those of the other sites and recommended that a rural location be chosen where possible. They recommended that abattoir should be built on firm gently sloping land away from other buildings, residential areas and factories. He further suggested that the site for abattoir should be chosen well away from town boundaries including projected town boundaries. Abattoir management provides a service in slaughtering of animals. Edwards et al. (1979) reported that the slaughter of animals in abattoirs of developing countries was carried out in unsuitable buildings by untrained slaughter men and butchers that were unaware of sanitary principles. Wastes generated by abattoirs are potential environmental quality problems. Raymond (1977) submitted that, problem may be more dependent upon the abattoir activities or operation practices and waste management techniques than the size of the operation, the number of cattle or amount of waste involved. In Nigeria, Sridhar (1998) reported that, a cow brought for slaughtering produces 328.4Kg of waste in form of dung, bone, blood, horn and hoof. Robert (2005) submitted that the disposal of waste product is a problem that has always dominated the slaughter sector and on average, 45 per cent of each live beef animal, 53 per cent of each sheep, and 34 per cent of each pig consist of non-meat substances. The characteristics of slaughter house waste and effluent vary from day to day depending on the number, types of stock being processed and the method (Tove 1985). Waste generated by abattoirs include solid waste made up of paunch content, bones, horns, and faecal components, slurry of suspended solids, fat, blood and soluble materials (Sangodoyin et al. 1992). Raymond (1977) however reported that waste can affect water, land or air qualities if proper practices of management are not followed. Animal waste can be valuable for crops but can cause water quality impairment. It also contains organic solids, trace heavy metals, salts, bacteria, viruses, other micro organisms and sediment. The waste from animals can also be washed into streams if not protected and reduces oxygen in water, thereby endangering aquatic life.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research design
The researcher used descriptive research survey design in building up this project work the choice of this research design was considered appropriate because of its advantages of identifying attributes of a large population from a group of individuals. The design was suitable for the study as the study sought to Behavioural change communication and abattoir sanitation in Port Harcourt metropolis
Sources of data collection
Data were collected from two main sources namely:
(i)Primary source and
(ii)Secondary source
Primary source:
These are materials of statistical investigation which were collected by the research for a particular purpose. They can be obtained through a survey, observation questionnaire or as experiment; the researcher has adopted the questionnaire method for this study.
Secondary source:
These are data from textbook Journal handset etc. they arise as byproducts of the same other purposes. Example administration, various other unpublished works and write ups were also used.
Population of the study
Population of a study is a group of persons or aggregate items, things the researcher is interested in getting information on Behavioural change communication and abattoir sanitation in Port Harcourt metropolis. 200 Residents in portharcourt metropolis was selected randomly by the researcher as the population of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Introduction
Efforts will be made at this stage to present, analyze and interpret the data collected during the field survey. This presentation will be based on the responses from the completed questionnaires. The result of this exercise will be summarized in tabular forms for easy references and analysis. It will also show answers to questions relating to the research questions for this research study. The researcher employed simple percentage in the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was on behavioral change communication and abattoir sanitation in port harcourt metropolis. In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges of on behavioral change communication and abattoir sanitation in port harcourt metropolis
Summary
This study was on behavioral change communication and abattoir sanitation in port harcourt metropolis. Three objectives were raised which included:To ascertain the relationship between behavioral change communication and abattoir sanitation in port Harcourt metropolis, to ascertain the effect of abattoir environment to human health, to identify various ways environmentalist/ policy makers could help change human behavior and responses to environmental option that will promote waste management. In line with these objectives, two research hypotheses were formulated and two null hypotheses were posited. The total population for the study is 200 residents in portharcourt metropolis. The researcher used questionnaires as the instrument for the data collection. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. A total of 133 respondents made civil servants, youths, elderly men and traders were used for the study. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies
Conclusion
This study revealed that operators of slaughterhouses are concerned with the daily cleaning of their slabs and discharging their waste into environment. Slaughterhouses activities in port harcourt have polluting effects on its environment and consequently could have negative impact on the health of its patrons and surrounding residents. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that environmental sanitation practices in slaughterhouses in the study area is very poor. Based on the aforesaid, the following are recommended. Slaughterhouse activities should be effectively monitored. This could be achieved by the local authorities in the cities through efficient and effective enforcement of environmental sanitation laws and regulations on slaughterhouses. Besides, environmental education is required for the operators and the residents. This will enable them to attach importance to environmental dimension that is attached to meat handling activities. Unlike in the past, in most developing countries, when focus was only on government, all stakeholders should be involved in this regard: individuals, community-based organisations (CBOs) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This could enhance environmental concern and attitudes among the slaughterhouse operators their processing activities
Recommendation
Research should be directed at finding ways to re-use the non-consumable animal parts. This will help reduce the waste and increase employment opportunities. Local planning authorities in the cities in Nigeria and other countries with similar background should consider evolving and enforcing minimum standard requirement for the design and location of slaughterhouse. This will form a basis upon which development control activities would be carried out on slaughterhouses. Through this, physical planning process can address the basic requirement in terms of location and availability of environmental facilities before a slaughterhouse is given approval to operate.
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