Assessment of Water Quality in Wells Located Near Abandoned Indigo Dyeing Pits in Zaria City, Nigeria

Assessment of Water Quality in Wells Located Near Abandoned Indigo Dyeing Pits in Zaria City, Nigeria

Chapter One

Aim of Study

The overall aim of this study is to assess the water quality in wells located near abandoned indigo dyeing pits in Zaria City, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

Objectives of the Study

The above aim will be achieved by the following objectives:

To determine the level of some heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr) concentration in the well water during wet and dry
To determine some physiochemical properties of well water during wet and dry
To determine the level of coliform in the water
To determine qualitatively, the presence of dye residues using FTIR and UV-Visible Spectroscopies.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

The characteristic qualities of five textile industries effluent in Kaduna, Nigeria was analysed and high level of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia (NH₃), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and sulphide (S^2–) that exceeded the federal environmental protection agency (FEPA) limit by several fold was reported (Yusuf and Sonibare, 2004). The effect of the effluents discharged from two textile industries on the well waters was investigated. The results showed that the effluents had high values of BOD5 (100– 390mg/dm³), COD (204–2000 mg/dm³), pH and were highly coloured. These values were higher than the effluent limits stipulated by the Federal Ministry of Environment for textile industries. The well that was closest to point of discharge (a shallow well) showed the highest BOD5 (107 mg/dm³) and total dissolved solids (TDS) while all the other wells showed acceptable results (Olayinka and Alo, 2004). Textile effluents have been found to contain a higher amount of metals especially chromium, copper, lead and cadmium. These effluents are ultimately leached into ground water and this leads to contamination due to accumulation of toxic metallic components (Malarkodi etal., 2007). Asia et al., (2009) studied the physicochemical properties and investigated some selected heavy metals in three effluent samples collected from textile factories in Kaduna, results shows that the heavy metals investigated have higher concentration than the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) standards for effluent discharge. Physicochemical properties result also indicated that the effluents may not be able to undergo up to 50% substrate biodegradation, thus biological processes may not be feasible for the treatment of these effluents. Awomeso et al., (2010), reported that dissolved oxygen at the points closest to the point of effluent discharge were found to be zero signifying that stream was heavily polluted and may not likely support aquatic lives. Munnafi et al., (2012) observed the pH values of water discharged from dyeing industry to be alkaline which ranged from 8.9-10.5 and 9.2-10, the studied water samples contain DO concentrations of less than 1mg/ dm³ during rainy and dry seasons respectively. High levels were observed in the industrial effluent analysed for COD (73- 345 mg/ dm³), pH (7.6-9), TS (2100-6050 mg/ dm³l), TDS (1990-5820 mg/ dm³), DO (0-8 mg/dm³), total hardness (321-880 mg/dm³), which exceeds the standard level of world health organization (WHO). The study revealed that there was an adverse impact on physicochemical characteristics of the receiving water bodies as a result of directly discharge of untreated effluents from dye industries. This poses a health risk to several rural communities which rely on the receiving water bodies primarily as their source of domestic water (Thoker et al., 2012). Ground water samples were analyzed for various water quality parameters like pH, EC, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, HCO3 ^–, CO3 ^– and SO₄^2-. The content of the element lies above the maximum permissible limit prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO). The analysis report shows contamination where dyeing industries are located (Gayathri et al., 2013). Schuchismita and Ashraful (2015) conducted a review on the characteristics of textile effluent from 2005 to 2014 which reveals huge amount of effluent from dyeing industries with some physiochemical parameters such as temperature (25-65°C), pH (3.9-14), TDS (90.7 – 5980 mg/dm³), DO (0-7 mg/ dm³), COD (41-2430 mg/ dm³), BOD (10 – 786 mg/ dm³), TSS (24.9 – 3950 mg/ dm³) and EC (250-63750μS/cm) were being discharge in water bodies every day. Abduljali and Sule (2013) studied the condition of hand dugs wells in Zaria city, reported that 40 percent of the headwall around the wells were inadequate, allowing surface water to enter the wells. About 70 percent of the wells (well-lining) were not adequately sealed and there is no provision of concrete floor apron around 80 percent of the wells of 1m wide. This poses a risk to the well water quality.

Water Pollution Indicators

Heavy metals

The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a density greater than 4g/cm³ or five times or more greater than water. Exposure to heavy metal causes serious health effects, including reduced growth and development, cancer, organ damage, nervous system damage, and in extreme cases, death. Metals are particularly toxic to the sensitive, rapidly developing systems of fetuses, infants, and young children. (IARC,1990). These serious health effects depend on the nature and quantity of the metal ingested (Adepoju-Bello and Alabi, 2005). A strong relationship has been shown between contaminated drinking water with heavy metals and the incidence of chronic diseases such as renal failure, liver cirrhosis, hair loss and chronic anaemia (Wang et al., 2010 ; Salem et al., 2000).These diseases however may be related to the contamination of drinking water with heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni and Pb. Renal failure is related to the contamination of drinking water with Cd and Pb; liver cirrhosis to the contamination with Cu and molybdenum; hair loss to the contamination with Cr and Ni; and chronic anemia to the contamination with Cd and Cu (Johri et al., 2010).

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Description of the Study Area

Zaria Local Government Area is located in North Western Nigeria on longitude 11⁰04’N and latitude 7⁰42’E(Figure 3.1). The study area is located on a plateau at a height of about 0.67 km above the mean sea level and more than 643.71 km away from the sea and possesses a Tropical Savanna climate with distinct wet and dry seasons(Hore, 1970). It is the home of numerous artisans, from traditional crafts like leather work, dyeing and cap making, to tinkers, print shops and furniture makers. Zaria is also the centre of a textile industry that for over 200 years has made elaborately hand-embroidered robes that are worn by men throughout Nigeria and West Africa (Maiwada and Renne, 2007).

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS

Descriptive Summary of Data

The mean concentration, Standard deviation, maximum and minimum values of the physicochemical parameters analysed for sampling location S M and K for dry and wet seasons are shown in Tables 4.1-4.6. The values were compared with the control and SON (2007) standard for drinking water quality.

Statistical Treatment of Data

Tables 4.7-4.12 presented result obtained from transformation of datafor principal component analysis and cluster analysis for sampling location of S, M and K for both seasons. Table 4.13-4.18 displayed result obtained from principal components analysis for sampling locations S, M and K for both seasons, showing the components extracted for each sites in both seasons. Figure 4.1-4.2 illustrated the spartial clustering of the sampling location during dry and wet Season respectively on the dendogram.

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION

The data of the average values for all the parameters characterising the water quality at different sites and seasons are shown in Tables 4.1-4.6. The pH was found to be slightly alkaline in site S ranging from 8.75-8.45 and 8.57-8.14 for dry and wet seasons respectively, for sites M and K the pH range from slightly alkaline (8.44-8.11) and (8.46-7.92) in dry season, (8.05-7.83) and (8.31-7.40) in wet season respectively. The alkaline nature of the water may likely be as a result of the dyeing pits located around these wells, since the waste from dyeing process is strongly alkaline (Imtiazuddin et al., 2012). The control samples have values 7.81 and 7.55 for dry and wet season respectively which are lower in pH than the sampling wells for both seasons. All pH values obtained were within the SON (2007) permissible limits of 6.5-8.5for drinking water except for values of sampling location S during dry season.The temperature values obtained in this work are within 30°C, although the seasonal fluctuation in temperature values could be due to climate condition.

Electrical Conductivity was found to vary from 272-5840µʅ /cm and 1736.33- 4783.33µʅ /cm for site S, 816.00-3826.00µʅ /cm and 933.33-3964.33µʅ /cm for site M, also 1333.67-2666.67µʅ /cm and 1497.00-2503.33µʅ /cm for site K for dry and wet seasons respectively. The values obtained are above the SON (2007) value for drinking water of 750µʅ /cm except for some wells in site S during dry season. Total dissolved solids were found to be very high with very large values and having values of 1195.67-2670 mg/dm³ and 873.00 2486.67 mg/dm³ for site S, 663.33 -3189.67 mg/dm³ and 444.3 -3563.33 mg/dm³ for site M and 617.33-1195.67mg/dm³and 575.00-1274.33mg/dm³ for site K for dry and wet seasons respectively. TDS values obtained were above SON (2007) standard for drinking water of 500mg/dm³, this may be due to leaching of various pollutants into the wells which can decrease the palatability of the water and cause gastrointestinal irritation in human ( WHO, 1997).

CHAPTER SIX

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

This study assessed the well water quality near abandoned indigo dyeing pits in Zaria city, Nigeria. The data obtained for the physiochemical analysis falls above the SON (2007) threshold value except for temperature and Cu for both seasons. The result showed physical parameters (pH, temperature, turbidity, colour, and TDS) ranged from 7.92-8.75,24.01-24.45°C, 1.33-281.33NTU, 5-30 hazen and 617.33-3186.37 mg/dm³for dry season and 7.40-8.57, 28.05- 29 °C, 1.33-66.33NTU, 5-20hazen and 444.33-3563.33mg/dm³ for wet season respectively. The result for chemical parameters (conductivity, DO, BOD, Cl, hardness, alkalinity, SO₄^2- , PO ^3-, NO₃^–, COD) ranged from 272.00-5840.00µʅ /cm, 0.30-0.77mg/dm³0.13-0.63mg/dm³, 2017.33- 44613.46mg/dm³, 276.36-2898.91mg/dm³, 313.33-1663.33mg/dm³, 73.3-438.33mg/dm³, 0.70-

12.67mg/dm³, 10.83-119.20mg/dm³and 8.00-56.67mg/dm³for dry season and 933.99- 4783.33µʅ /cm, 0.30-2.13mg/dm³, 0.1-0.93mg/dm³,1798.67-7277.03mg/dm³, 538.95-3046.80mg/dm³, 153.33-1160.00mg/dm³, 42.67-351.67mg/dm³, 0.43-17.37mg/dm³,3.20- 105.13mg/dm³and 2.03-35.00mg/dm³ for wet season respectively. Values obtained for metal analysis (Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr and Ni) ranged from 0.00-0.09mg/dm³, 0.01-0.02mg/dm³, 0.04- 0.11mg/dm³, 0.00-0.21mg/dm³ and 0.00-0.05mg/dm³ for dry season and 0.11-0.19mg/dm³, 0.00- 0.02mg/dm³, 0.00-2.26mg/dm³,0.00-0.18 mg/dm³and0.01-0.04 for wet season.

The principal component analysis extracted important parameters which indicated the abandoned dyeing pits, pits toilet in close proximity to the well water, seasonal effects and domestic waste to be the sources of pollution. Cluster analysis was used to determine the similarity between the dyeing sites for both seasons, during dry season wells had more of individual interaction whereas behaved much similar during wet season. Large numbers of bacteria were found in wet season than in dry, none of the sampled wells gave a result that fell within the permissible level for drinking water quality given by the SON (2007) for both seasons.

Seasonal changes could have played an important role in varying the concentration since certain parameters tend to vary with change in weather. Temperature has a negative effect on oxygen, some organic component of the dye waste have been decomposed as result of increase in temperature. Dissolution of soil minerals by rain water might increase the level of conductivity of the water.

The UV-Visible spectral of the extracts show that there are heterogeneous compounds in the each of the extract because of the multiple peaks in each of the spectrum. The spectrum of methanol extract shows absorption of maximum wavelength in the visible region. The functional groups found in the FTIR spectral of the extract are common to indigo dye are C=O, C-H, -C=C- C=C and N-H.

Conclusion

The water in wells located near abandoned indigo dyeing pit have been analysed for heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr and Ni) levels, physiochemical properties (pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulphate), coliform levels and presence of dye residues in water.

Based on the results obtained in this study it can be concluded that leachates from indigo dyeing pits still has an effect on the quality of wells in the vicinity of the dyeing centers.

Recommendations

The dye residues should be quantified and identified to ascertain the pollution levelsof the water from the various
Effective and affordable remediation processes should be developed for the waterfrom affected wells in the study
Soil properties should be further evaluated to establish the reasons for similarity insite during wet

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