Assessment of Urban Expansion in Akure South Local Government Area; Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
Chapter One
Objective of the study
The objectives of the study are to:
- Assessment of the Land use/land cover change in Akure South local government area
- Assessment of the Land surface temperature variation for Akure South Local government area.
- To assess the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for the Akure South local government area
- Determine patterns of urban expansion with respect to the previous years.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Applications of Remote sensing and GIS techniques
Why remote sensing?
Physical urban expansion research requires qualitative and quantitative information about land cover classes. There are several approaches available for obtainining this information: surveys, historical master plans, aerial photos and remotely sensed imagery (Jensen & Lulla, 1987). Accurate land information can be acquired through a survey; however surveying is usually time consuming, especially for a large area. Historical master plans offer informative data, but are less accurate with respect to change over time because of the nature of archival files. Aerial photos have a high accuracy in reflecting land cover situation, but the coverage of aerial photos is relative small: for the research of a large city, one single aerial photo is unable to cover the whole area, and thus requires more photos and a higher cost. Hence, considering the balance of time, accuracy and cost, remote sensing imagery is the most effective approach to obtain the land information needed to research urban expansion.
Remote sensing and geographic information system
Remote sensing technique and geographic information system (GIS) have been widely used in the study of urban expansion in the last few decades (Bagan & Yamagata, 2012; Banzhaf et al., 2009; Batisani & Yarnal, 2009; Dewan & Yamaguchi, 2009; Martinuzzi et al., 2007; Mundia & Aniya, 2005; Weng, 2002; Yuan et al., 2005). Because of the spatial-temporal characteristics, remote sensing techniques can effectively detect land cover pattern changes caused by rapid urban growth over a certain time period (Martinuzzi et al., 2007). Remotely sensed data provides an opportunity to detect historical land use and land cover changes in the same area by comparing satellite image acquired at different times. Due to the nature of satellite imagery, simply using remote sensing does not allow for further analysis after detecting different land use categories; hence GIS technique is integrated. GIS technique offers the possibility of combining and analyzing geographic data by using computer technology (Mundia & Aniya, 2005). Integrating remote sensing and GIS techniques makes it possible to quantify urban expansion, do the post-classification 8 comparison, and further identify the causes and consequences of urban expansion. Sudhira et al. (2004) noted that the convergence of GIS, remote sensing, and database management systems can be effective in quantifying, monitoring, and modeling urban spatial-temporal dimensions and urban spatial dynamics by integrating and calculating landscape properties with different attributes
Landsat overview
Landsat is a program that provides a set of remote sensing platforms and products that is jointly managed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This program began in 1972. As one of the longest space-based record program (NASA, 2014), Landsat has continuously collected remote sensing imagery around the world for over 40 years and offers invaluable information for researchers in geosciences (USGS, 2014). On February 11th, 2013, NASA launched an 8th Landsat satellite, named Landsat-8. (The previous satellites were named Landsat-1, Landsat-2, Landsat-3, Landsat-4, Landsat-5, Landsat-6 (failed), Landsat-7.) The Landsat ETM+-7 and Landsat OLI-8 are two Landsat satellites still working.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we described the research procedure for this study. A research methodology is a research process adopted or employed to systematically and scientifically present the results of a study to the research audience viz. a vis, the study beneficiaries.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research designs are perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by the researcher whereby different components of the study are integrated in a logical manner to effectively address a research problem. In this study, the researcher employed the survey research design. This is due to the nature of the study whereby the opinion and views of people are sampled. According to Singleton & Straits, (2009), Survey research can use quantitative research strategies (e.g., using questionnaires with numerically rated items), qualitative research strategies (e.g., using open-ended questions), or both strategies (i.e., mixed methods). As it is often used to describe and explore human behaviour, surveys are therefore frequently used in social and psychological research.
POPULATION OF THE STUDY
According to Udoyen (2019), a study population is a group of elements or individuals as the case may be, who share similar characteristics. These similar features can include location, gender, age, sex or specific interest. The emphasis on study population is that it constitutes of individuals or elements that are homogeneous in description.
This study was carried to assessement of urban expansion in Akure South local government area using remote sensing anf gas GIS techniques. Selected surveying firm in Akure form the population of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis of data derived through the questionnaire and key informant interview administered on the respondents in the study area. The analysis and interpretation were derived from the findings of the study. The data analysis depicts the simple frequency and percentage of the respondents as well as interpretation of the information gathered. A total of eighty (80) questionnaires were administered to respondents of which only seventy-seven (77) were returned and validated. This was due to irregular, incomplete and inappropriate responses to some questionnaire. For this study a total of 77 was validated for the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to ascertain assessment of urban expansion in Akure South local government area usin g rempte sensing and GIS techniques. In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing an a assessment of urban expansion in Akure South local government area usin g rempte sensing and GIS techniques
Summary
- This study was on assessment of urban expansion in Akure South local government area usin g rempte sensing and GIS techniques. Three objectives were raised which included: Assessment of the Land use/land cover change in Akure South local government area, assessment of the Land surface temperature variation for Akure South Local government area, to assess the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for the Akure South local government area and determine patterns of the urban expansion in respect to the previous years. A total of 77 responses were received and validated from the enrolled participants where all respondents were drawn from selected syrveying firm in Akure. Hypothesis was tested using Chi-Square statistical tool (SPSS).
Conclusion
These willhave serious implication on the local climate of the city and also contributes to greenhouse gases as the carbon sinks would have been terribly depleted. This projectioncalls for improved urban planning, agricultural enhancement to improve food security and quick afforestation considering the mitigating roles of the forest on globalwarming and climate change.
Recommendation
Hence, city officials are recommended to consider planting trees and expanding green space in the area. Since Shiraz is of great significance in terms of urbanization and centrality, fundamental operations must be considered for effective management of the area. Economic development in the neighboring small towns, to prevent migration to big cities, is regarded as an effective method of land management in such areas, which seems to be effective in the study area.
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