Assessment of Environmental Practice Among Citizens of Konduga Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria

Assessment of Environmental Practice Among Citizens of Konduga Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria

CHAPTER ONE

Purpose of the Study

This study is aimed at evaluating the assessment of environmental practice among citizens of Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state, Nigeria with a view to identifying the different environmental sanitation practices behaviours emanating from the level of adequacies of these amenities. The study will specifically seek to assess:

1. Knowledge of environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.
2. Attitude towards environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.
3. Practice of environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.
4. Relationship between knowledge and attitude towards environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.
5. Relationship between knowledge and practice of environmental sanitation among households in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction

The research work aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state. This is indispensable because it has determined whether the influence of knowledge towards environmental sanitation practices on the attitude and the practice of households are efficient or available in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.

Concept of Environment

According to Aleng (2005), environment is defined as man‘s immediate surroundings. The Oxford Advanced Learners English Dictionary (2001) defines environment as conditions, circumstances affecting peoples‘ lives. The encyclopedia Britannica (1998) vol. 4 sees environment as a ―complex of physical, chemical and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecologic community and ultimately determines its form and survival‖. (Uchegbu 1998), defines environment as the sum total for all conditions that surround man at any point in time on the earth‘s surface. However, the environment as a community of organisms is not the sum total of the participating members but a dynamic nature at complex levels of interactions, unfolding in drama sketches, stretching between the remotest past at creation and the enforceable future.

The term ‗environment‘ implies ―the eternal factors living and non-living, materials, and non-materials which surround man‖.The environment provides all life support systems with air, water andland as well as the materials for fulfilling all developmental aspirationsof man(Park 1998&Theresa, 2012).

In its modern concept, the environment includes not only the water, air and soil that form our surrounding but also those social and economic conditions under which we live. Viewing the human environment from the economic point, Uchegbu (1998) and Fenichel and Hashida (2019)describes it as natural capital and analogous to financial capital assets. they further explained that any damage is done to the environment run-down capital which sooner or later reduces the value of its recumbent services. For residential ideals situation puts the health of its residents at stake. The residents as well can be psychologically affected when any little damage (or disturbance from its ideal condition) is done to residential housing environment. Nest (1991) and Jacqueline (2017)defined environmental health as the control of those factors in man‘s physical environment which exercises or may exercise deleterious effects on man‘s physical mental and social wellbeing. According to WHO (1977) and Musoke, Ndejjo, Atusingwize and Halage(2016), the objective of environmental health is to crane and maintain conditions in the environment that will promote health and prevent diseases. Man‘s eternal environment contains elements that are essential for life and/or the maintenance of good health such as air, food, water, etc. in addition the environment contains potential hazards. Many have a wide range of tolerance of environmental conditions because of his ability to adapt and is able to withstand harmful conditions such biological adaptation has its limits and disease represents the breakdown of adaptation. For instance, a man can tolerate wide fluctuations of environmental temperature and he has various mechanisms (sweating to lower the temperature and shivering to increase heat) for coping with these changes. If however, the heat stress is excessive i.e. beyond his ability to cope, then adaptive mechanisms break down and disease result, perhaps in the form of heat stroke or some other heat disorder. Health can, therefore, be viewed as a successful adaptation to the environment whereas disease represents a breakdown of adaptation.

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CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

Introductions

The purpose of this study was to assess the environmental practice among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state Nigeria. To achieve this purpose, the methodology is organized and presented under the following sub-topics: Research Design, Population of the Study, Sample and Sampling Procedure, Research Instrument, Validity of the Instrument, Administration of the instrument and Statistical technique were employed in this study.

Research Design

The study adopted ex-post facto research design since it is concerned with the investigation of past occurrences, ex-post-facto research is ideal for conducting social research when it is not possible or acceptable to manipulate the characteristics of humans. According to Simon and Goes (2013), the ex-post-facto research design is a method of testing out antecedents of events that have happened but cannot be manipulated by the investigator. The choice of this design was made based on the nature of the topic under study, and the fact that the design will help the researcher attempts to establish the cause or reason for existing differences in the behavior or status groups of people (Oranu, 2005). The data on the knowledge, attitude, and practices of environmental sanitation practices among households were collected for the study. The justification for the use of this research design is due to the fact that the knowledge, attitude and practice of environmental sanitation practices already exist among households of Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state. Furthermore, ex-post-facto research deals with conducting social research when is not possible or acceptable to manipulate the characteristics of human participants. This study deals with the facts that already exist and determine the reasons for the existing differences in behaviour or status groups of individuals (Asika, 2001).

Population of the Study

The population of the study comprised the entire households in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state. In 2016, the population of Borno state was estimated to be 5.86 million (National Bureau of Statistics, 2018). The population of the Konduga Local Government Area is about 13,400.

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practice of environmental sanitation practices among citizens of Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state, Nigeria. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25.0 was used to analyze the data obtained from the respondents. The demographic characteristics of the respondents were computed using frequencies and simple percentages. The research questions were answered using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and PPMC matrix while one sampled t-test and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used to analyze the hypotheses. All the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 alpha level of significance.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The purpose of this study was to assess environmental practice among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state. Five (5) objectives, research questions, and hypotheses were formulated and tested respectively for this study. Related literature was reviewed under the concept of environment, concept of environmental sanitation practices, knowledge of environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Nigeria, attitude toward environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Nigeria, practices of environmental sanitation practices, history of environmental sanitation practices in Nigeria, sanitation problems in Nigeria, environmental wastes, strategies to improve environmental sanitation practices, refuse collection and refuse disposal, garbage and toxic wastes, dumps and sanitary land-fill, empirical review and summary. The expost facto research design was adopted for this study. A sample of 780 households was drawn from the population using a multi-stage sampling procedure consisting of simple random sampling, stratified sampling, proportionate sampling, and systematic sampling techniques.

The instrument for data collection was a researcher developed questionnaire which was validated by five (5) experts within and outside the department of human kinetics and health education, Borno state University.

The data, thus, collected was analyzed to assess:

1. Knowledge of environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.
2. Attitude towards environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.
3. Practice of environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.
4. Influence of knowledge on attitude towards environmental sanitation practices among citizens in

Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.

5. Influence of knowledge on practice towards environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.

The findings of this study were summarized as follows;

1. The households in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state have a significant knowledge of environmental sanitation practices (t = 197.876; p = 0.000).
2. The attitude towards environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state is statistically significant (t = 204.617; p = 0.000).
3. The practice of environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state is statistically significant (t = 189.110; p = 0.000).
4. Knowledge of environmental sanitation practices significantly influences the attitude towards environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state (r = 0.685; p = 0.000).
5. Knowledge of environmental sanitation practices significantly influences its practice among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state (r = 0.714; p = 0.000).

Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that adequate and positive knowledge of environmental sanitation practices while attitude and practice exist among household in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state, but specifically, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Households in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state have knowledge of environmental sanitation practices.
2. Households in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state have positive attitude towards environmental sanitation practices.
3. Households in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state Practice environmental sanitation practices.
4. The household‘s knowledge about environmental sanitation practices influences their attitude towards environmental sanitation practices in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.
5. The household‘s knowledge about environmental sanitation practices influences the practice of environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.

Contributions to Knowledge

This study contributes to knowledge and existing literature that;

1. Households in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state have a good knowledge of environmental sanitation practices
   • = 0.000)
2. Attitude towards environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state is positive
   • = 0.000).
3. Environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state is been practice (p = 0.000).
4. Knowledge of environmental sanitation practices positively influences the attitude towards environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state (p = 0.000).
5. Knowledge of environmental sanitation practices positively influences its practice among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state (p = 0.000).

Recommendations

Based on the conclusions of this study, the following recommendations are made; Since it has been recognized that adequate and positive knowledge of environmental sanitation practices and household attitude and practice exist in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state, and therfore the researcher made the following recommendations;

1. Policymakers in government and non-governmental organizations should redesign a plan of action to maintain the positive knowledge, attitude, and practice of environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.
2. Household Activities that can improve practice such as health education intervention program (in print media, radio jingles, and video play) should be made available by Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state environmental protection agency (BASEPA) through health education programme for the populace (households) to maintain and improve attitude and practice towards environmental sanitation practices.
3. Adequate interventions program by the ministry of health such as health education and inform of radio jingles programme should be provided for the maintenance and improvement of practice of environmental sanitation practices for households in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state. iv.Government,Stake holders and non-governmental organizations should redesign a plan of action to sensitize the households about theimportance of proper waste disposal so as to maintain their positive attitude in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.
4. Modern sanitary equipment should be provided by the government so as to encourage the positive practice of environmental sanitation practices among citizens in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.

Implication of the study

Waste generation is a major cause of pollution in the environmentif not properly manage it may cause a lot of harms than good, wastes are generated on daily basis through different activities of human being and if not disposed properly it lead to environmentalpollution.

The findings of this study revealed that households in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state have proper knowledge, significantattitude and good practice of environmental sanitation practices, this implies that, they know how to collect, handle, segregate, store, transport and safedisposal of any type of domestic waste in a proper and hygienic manner in such a way that it will not become harmful to their life‘s. It is interesting to found that, because of this perfection many diseases would be prevented andthrilled the beauty of the environment and the eco-system would also be maintained. The implication of this study to public and environmental health managers to encourage, educate and support households to maintain the knowledge, attitude and persist practice of the environmental sanitation practices in the state. Failure to comply will easily affects the land, air and water which will encourage food, air and water borne diseases like cholera, typhoid, malaria and many others will set in. many vector of medical importance like rats, cockroaches, flies would have a favorable environment for breeding ground thereby leading to epidemics.

Suggestions for Future Research

Further studies should be conducted on the following:

1. Knowledge of environmental sanitation practices among bakery workers in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.
2. Environmental practice among restaurants in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state.
3. Knowledge, attitude and strategies of BASEPA towards environmental sanitation practices waste disposal and incineration process in Konduga Local Government Area, Borno state, Nigeria.

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