Antibacterial Activity of Sweet Orange (Citrus Sinensis) on Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli Isolated From Wound Infected
Chapter One
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
- To determine the antibacterial effect of orange juice (citrus sinensis) on staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from wound infection.
- To determine the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of the isolated involved
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
In citrus, there are other species which are also rich in vitamin C but not as in sweet orange. They are citrus paradisi (Grape fruit) citrus Limon (lemon), Citrus aurantifolia reticulate (Tangerine or mandarin orange) citrus grandis (pummelo) and citrus medis citron). The sugars and acids vary between species. In citrus paradisi (grape fruit), the ruid is the source of pectin. The juice is acid and sometimes bitter it is rich in tilamin C abnd contain appreciable amounts of thiamin (vit B,) In citrus limon (lemon), the juice is strongly acid with about 5% citric acid, 5% sugar and appreciable quantities of vitamin C, carotene and thiamine Citrus aurantifolice (lime) has a thin rind and pale yellow flesh with very acid juice. In citrus reticulata (mandazine, langesine), the flesh is juicy and sweet and has a very distinctive flavour It contains about 10-20 percent sugar and 0.1-ipercent citric acid. Citrus grand’s (pummelo or shaddock), has a coase, thick skinned and tough solid pulp. In citrus aurantium (sour or sevile orange), the fruit source of vitamin A and B, an essential oil used in making perfumes is obtained from the stem, leaves and flowers.
Vitamin C content of some fruits are as follows. Strawberries 40-80, orange juice 40-70, lemon juice 40-60, pineapple 20.30, Tomatoes juice 10-20, water melon 5-8, Apple 3-10, pineapple 3-10. All in milligram of vitamin C per 100 grms offruits by Rudolph and Ballentine 1978. Citrus sinensis(Sweet oranges) can be wholly used in fresh form as breakfast or desert fruit. The fruit can be extracted commercially by burring or pressing cut halves of the fruits and is used in squashes and cordials or for flavouring. They are used to make marmalade and the essential oils obtianed from the can be used to make perfumes (Geensil, 1975).
Ruldolph and Ballentine (1978) explain that sweet orange is rich in vitamin C which is the key property that boost its medical potency. According to Encyclopedia Americana (1972), vitamin c was identified by a scientist, 5zent-Gyorgyi in 1928. It was found extremly powerful in preventing scurvy and this was taken to be the active ingredient in orange. The book further stated that orange had been advocated as both prophylaxis and treatment for scurvy and infection which was referred to as classical scurvy as early as 16. Rudolph et al (1978) stated that it was Lind a scientist who performed a well controlled experiment which documented beyond doubt its effectiveness. Lind gave two oranges and lemon a day to two sailors afflicted by scurvy white offering ten other sailors, equally ill patients different popular remedies such as cider vinegar and sea water. The results were dramatic and indisputable. The two sailors on citrus recovered sufficiently within a few days to take over the nursing care of the other ten men.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS (SEE APPENDIX)
MEHODDS
STERILIZATION
Already properly washed petri-dishes, conical flasks, pipettes, spatula, wire-loops, inoculating needles were sterilized in hot air oven at 1600c for one hour in their respective canister and stored at 400c while the media were sterilized in the autoclave at 1210c for 15 minutes.
PROCUREMENT OF SWEET ORANGES
Fresh and healthy sweet oranges were boguht from the market and were taken to the laboratory for extraction.
EXTRACTION OF ORANGE JUICE
The fresh and healthy oranges were washed with distilled water. They are peeled aseptically with sterile knife, cut into halves and squeezed to get the juice. The juice was put in a sterile conical flask.
PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA
The media for culturing were aseptically prepared as when necessary according to the manufacturers instructions and autoclaved at 1210c for 154 minutes. They were allowed to cool to 470c, then swirled well before being poured into the petri dishes.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
TABLE I
PLATE COUNT ACCORDING TO SEX AND AGE OF POPULATION SAMPLED
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
The antibacterial activity of sweet orange (citrus sinensis) on Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus isolated from wound infections was studied. One hundred wound infections were sampled within age range 5-80 years. The highest isolation of bacterial organisms was obtianed in staphylococcus aureus as 100 (32%) followed by Escherichia coli as 92 (29%). There were isolation of other organisms, Klebsiella species was 76 (24%), followed by pseudomonas 44(14%). In the present work, the highest isolation of both S. aureus and E.coli was within the age range 5-10 years. This might be due to their level of personal hygiene and exposure of these children to an unhygienic environment. This view was agreed by Dehat (1990) who said that wound infection was found more especially among children of 3-8 years. Also in the present work, the rate of ineffectively was lowest within the age range 21-25 years. This reduction might be due to their awareness to take care of their wounds, their level of personal hygiene and their awareness to the dangers of poor sanitary environment as well as their ability to avoid dangers and dirty spots.
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION
The results of this study reveal staphylococcus aureus as the most predominant bacterial organism in wound infection, followed by Escherichia coli. The separate zones of inhibition of orange extract on both organisms were minimal ad the sensitivity pattern showed that most were sensitive while some (very small number) were resistance. Though the effect of the orange extract on bacterial organisms is minimal outside the body, its active ingredient vitamin c is found to boost immune system invivo (inside the body), by increasing the production of B and T cells and other white blood cells, including those that destroy micro organisms.
And since vitamin c is found to boost the immune system and promotes healing of wounds, fractures and bruises, its intake aas food supplement will go a long way in preventing wound infections.
RECOMMENDATION
- Wounds should be treated
- Good personal hygiene and good sanitary environment should be adopted.
- Dangers and risk should be avoided because they can lead to wound
- Natural fruits especially orange should be taken because it boost the immune system in fighting against bacteria and viruses.
REFERENCES
- Adams, M.R and Moss M.O. (1999), Food Microbiology, Royal society of Chemistry Rowland: 16
- Baldry Peter (1976), The battle against bacteria, First edition, Syndics of The Cambridge University Press London, 34.
- Bhatia Rajesh and Ichhpujani RC (1998), Microbiology for Dental students. Second edition. Medical publishers (P) limited, New Delhi: 75-80, 140-142
- Cobley, S L (1976), An introduction to Botany of tropical crops, second edition, longman Inc New York: 141 – 154
- Cruickshank Robert, JP. Duguid R H.A Swain (1973), Medical Microbiology, Twelfth Edition; Royal society of chemistry Rowland: 236-244
- Dehat, M.R (1990), Basic Medical Microbiology, Second edition, Longman group limited, London 19-20
