Analysis of the Domestic Water Demand and Supply in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State
Chapter One
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this work is with a view to providing information to urban water managers for effective spatial planning of water infrastructure. The specific objectives are to;
- analyze sources of water for domestic
- assess factors affecting water demand and supply
- examine the relationship between domestic water demand and supply
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
Water is a natural resource of fundamental importance and supports all forms of life. Water demand already exceeds water supply in many parts of the world, and as world population continues to rise at an unprecedented rate, many more areas are expected to experience this inbalance in the near future (Wikipedia, 2008). It was revealed in the 4th World Water Forum march (2000) that a person living in an urban area uses an average of 250 liters/per day; but individual consumptions varies around the globe.
Nigeria is endowed with abundant natural water resources evident in her substantial yearly rainfall, large surface bodies of water-rivers, streams and lakes, as well as in abundant reservoirs of underground water whose extent and distribution have not been fully assessed. Figures of stream discharges of the flowing surface waters are now available and rainfall, which is perhaps the most important of the country‟s natural water resources, has long records which in some places date from as far back as 1906, (Orjiakor, 1985). The annual mean rainfall distribution ranges from about 4000mm at the coast to practically zero at the northern border and an average annual mean of 1200 mm for the entire country. Over eighty percent of the rains in the country fall within the six wet months (April to September), of each year. A sizeable amount of the rainwater is lost by percolation to underground flows. The bulk of the rain, however, flows as runoff into rivers, streams and lakes. From these surface water bodies and through vegetation some of the rainwater is lost to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration.
WATER RESOURCES OF NIGERIA
Nigeria is well drained with a close network of rivers and streams. Some of these, particularly the smaller ones in the north are seasonal. There are four principal surface water basins in Nigeria.
The Niger Basin which has an area of 584,193km2 within the country, which is 63% of the total area of the country, and covers a large area in central and north-western Nigeria. And the most important rivers in the basin are the Niger and its tributaries Benue, Sokoto and Kaduna.
The Lake Chad Basin in the northeast with an area of 179,282km2 or 20% of the total area of the country is the only internal drainage basin in Nigeria. This is because it does not terminate in the Atlantic Ocean. Important rivers are the Komadougou-Yobe and its tributaries at Hadejia, Jama‟are and Komadougou-Gena.
The South-eastern littoral basins, with the main water courses being the cross and Imo rivers, have an area of 584493km2, which is six percent of the total area of the country, and receive much of their runoff from the Plateau and mountain areas along the Cameroon border.
The south-western littoral basins, with an area of 101,802km2, which is 11% of the total of the country. The rivers originates in the hilly areas to the south and west of the Niger river.
In addition to the surface water, Nigeria has extensive ground water resource, located in eight recognized hydrological areas together with local ground water in shallow alluvial (Fadama) aquifers adjacent to major rivers:
The Sokoto basin zone comprises sedimentary rocks in north – east Nigeria. Yields ranges from below 1.0 to 5.0 litres per second (l/s).
The Chad basin zone comprises sedimentary rocks. It has three aquifers zones: upper, middle and lower. Borehole yields are about 1.2 to 1.6 l/s from the upper unconfined aquifer and 1.5 to 2.1 l/s from the middle aquifer.
The middle Niger basin zone comprises sandstone aquifers yielding between 0.7 and 5.0 l/s and the alluvium in the Niger valley yielding between 7.5 and 37.0 l/s.
The Benue basin zone is the least exploited basin in Nigeria extending from the Cameroon border to the Niger – Benue confluence. The sandstone aquifers in the area yield between 1.0 and 8.0 l/s.
The south-western zone comprises sedimentary rocks bounded in the south by the coastal alluvium and in the north by the basement complex.
The south-central zone is made up of cretaceous and tertiary sediments centrerd on the Niger- Delta. Yields are 3.0 to 7.0l/s.
The south-eastern zone comprises of cretaceous sediments in the Anambra and Cross River basins. Borehole numbers are low due to abundant surface water resource.
The basement complex comprises over 60% of the country‟s area. It consists of low permeability rocks and ground water occurs in the weathered mantle and fracture zones with yields of between 1.0 to 2.0l/s
Coupled with the climatic characteristics, surface and ground water resource, Nigeria‟s total annual renewable water resource are estimated at 286.2 (AQUASTAT FAO, 2010). Annual internally produced resources amount to 221 Cubic kilometer (km3), made up of 214km3 surface water and 87km3 ground water, while 80km3 of the latter is assumed to be overlap between surface water and ground water. External water resources are estimated at 65.2km3/year, being surface water coming from Niger, Cameroon, and Benin. Exploited surface water resources are estimated to be 80percent of the natural flow, which is about 96km3/year. Annual extractable groundwater resource are about 59.51km3, distributed as flows; 10.27km3 in northern Nigeria; 25.48km3 in the middle belt; 23.76km3 in the south. Dam capacity is estimated to be 44.2km3 (Akpabio and Iniubong, 2013).
CHAPTER THREE
THE STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY
THE STUDY AREA
Location
Kwara State is located between latitudes 8o and 10o North of the equator and 3o and 6o East of the Greenwich Meridian (Oyebanji, 2000). The state occupies an area of 36,825km2 of land and shares boundary with Niger state in the North, Kogi and Ekiti in the East, Osun and Oyo in the South and an International boundary with the Republic of Benin in the West. Ilorin Local Government shares boundary with Moro, Ifelodun Local Government.
Relief and Drainage
The area is a well-dissected landscape, with plateau-like surfaces covered by laterite crust. The plateau-like surfaces are best observed at the Adewole Housing Estate facing the Sobi rock and at the Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin facing south. The Sobi rock is an inserberg (a prominent landmark) with its summit at over 390m elevation. The lowest point in the area lies between the 240 and 255m contours and it is within the Asa valley system (Alao 1982).
Although the whole area appears to be well drained, those parts of the city lying within or close to the flood plain of the Asa River valley have drainage problems caused by the high ground water table during the rainy season. There are a few seasonal springs at different locations in or close to the flood plain. The fluctuating ground water table seems to have an influence on the life-span of roads and shallow foundations (Alao 1982).
Climate
In the study area, rain water which comes at the right time is adequate and the area is generally blessed with the existence of good water supply which can be for human, animal consumption and irrigation purposes. The climate of the study area is characterized by both the wet and dry season, for about six month. The raining season begins at about the end of March and lasts till the end of October, while the dry season begins in November and ends early March. The total annual rainfall in the area ranges between 1000 millimeter and 1500 millimeter (Lawal and Omotesho, 2006). Average temperature ranges between 30 degree centigrade and 35 degree centigrade (Taiwo,2005).The climatic conditions in the area greatly influence the activity of the people. Food crops such as maize, sorghum, bean, groundnut, yam, cassava, sweat potatoes and guinea corn are cultivated in most parts of the area. The climate of the area is tropical continental with high temperature throughout the year.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis of data and interpretation of findings based on the research questions.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Findings from the study indicate that demand for domestic water varies in terms of household size which shows that the number of people found in a household determines the quantity of water needed for domestic purpose.
The study also shows that females are more involved in collecting water as compared with male counterpart. This findings therefore is in line with the studies of Barkingham (2000) which reported that even though the water crisis is observed as a general problem, women bear the greatest burden because of their social gendered roles, which involve looking for and collecting water for households. The study equally affirmed that water demand and allocation in the household has got a direct link with accessibility of the water supply sources.
The study also reveals that the time spent in collecting water by household is a constraint to their socioeconomic activities, since the household members spend a better part of their time collecting water. This finding is also in line with WHO, (2003) who reported that in Anona and Rakai district of Uganda, young men and women spend most of their time and resources in search of water, which in turn influence the productive time and income generation.
CONCLUSION
A number of studies have been carried out on water resources such as impact of water shortage and depletion on the productive time of women in Ilorin metropolis Ijaya (2000) and distribution of water and the role of public agencies in Ilorin. Adedayo and Ifabiyi (1999). This study however analyzed the Domestic Water Demand and Supply in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State with emphasis on Ilorin Central.
The study therefore, found that the study area depends mostly on pipe borne water. The percentage of respondents that source water through tap is higher that other water sources. The study also found that bursting of pipe had been the strongest factor influencing water demand in the study area base on the respondent view. While inadequate supply of electricity is the strongest factor hindering the supply of water as stated by staff of Water Board.
The study further found that, there exist very high positive linear relationship between the household water demand and water supplied by the Kwara State Water Board. From the study, pipe borne water supply in the study area is inadequate to meet the demand of households. In view of these therefore, there is a need for improvement in the quantity of water supply in Ilorin metropolis.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made:
- The water board management should be carrying out constant repair, that is reparing of busted pipes around the
- There should be constant monitoring of pipe line so as to be able to repair damaged pipes, this could be achieved by going round to check the water
- The government should endeavor to come to water board aid by proper funding so as to purchase the material needed. e special allocation of fund should be make available to the water board so as to improve theirservice.
- The water board should change their attitude of bias in distributing water to households not to favour Government Residential Areas at the expense of the masses in the town.
- There should be concerted efforts by water corporation and household to avoid water wastage, this can be achieved by public enlightenment through the mass media and the customers also should endeavor to report cases that can cause failure in water
- There should be an extension of water pipe to cover more areas especially in the rural areas and rusted pipes in the urban centre should also be replace with new
- The consumers should endeavour to pay their water bill regularly so as to improve the water supply.
REFERENCES
- Adedayo, A.F. And Ifabiyi I.P (1999) The Distribution Of Water And Role Of Public Agencies In Kwara State. Journal Of Social And Management Studies, 6(1) 97 – 111.
- Ad‟massu, M. (1996) Water Supply For Sanitations, Environmental Health Department Gondar College Of Medical Sciences, Ministry Of Education.
- Ahmed, F. And Smith, P.G. (1987) A Field Study Into Patterns Of Domestic Water Consumption In Rural Areas Of Bangladesh Aqua 3, 149 – 153
- Ajadi, B.S. (1996); Pattern Of Water Supply In Ilorin City, Unpublished B.Sc. Thesis Department Of Geography, Unilorin.
- Akinola S.R. (2000), Urban Infrastructural Facilities. Unpublished Manuscripts Department Of Public Administration Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
- Akpabio, E.M. And Iniobon, E.A.(2013). Water For Cities In Nigeria: The Governance Dimension. Mediterranean Journal Of Social Sciences Vol.40 No.4. Published By MCSR – Sapienza University Of Rome.
- Alao, D.A. (1982) Properties Of Laterites From Ilorin, Nigeria M.Sc. Thesis Michigan Technological University, 150pp
- Al-Amin, M. And Mahmud, K. (2011) Domestic Water Consumption Patterns In A Village In Bangladesh. Islamic University Of Technology, Gazipur Bangladesh.
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