Analysis of Household Income Contribution Among Market Women in Borno State Nigeria
Chapter One
Objective of the study
The objectives of the study are;
- To ascertain the contribution of market women in household income
- To find out the important of women contributing to the household
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Women’s contribution to the household income
Investigating women’s investments in educational end employment career might not be enough to understand if gender roles are actually converging in western countries. The increasing educational levels and participation to labour force, certainly suggest that women tend to adopt roles progressively more similar to those of man. However, if we do not simply compare women and men, but we look at them jointly, under a couple perspective, we are able to understand which kind of strategies partners adopt to organize their life, and to what extent gender role convergence represents a feasible strategy. Several aspects of partners behaviour might be taken into account, as for instance time allocation to domestic and/or labour market activities. In this study we focus on partner contribution to the couple economic needs. Particularly, we wonder if, and to what extent, the observed increasing women investment in human capital corresponds to a similar increasing women participation to the household economic support. To this purpose, we firstly investigate the distribution of dual-earner couples in EU countries, and try to identify which individual and household characteristics are mostly associated with the adoption of a (i) man sole provider model (i.e. the women does not earn anything) or a (ii) dualearner one (if both partners earn at least something1 ). Secondly, we focus on dual-earner couples, distinguishing among three models: (i) man main provider (i.e the woman earns less than 40% of the sum of partners earnings); (ii) equal providers, (i.e. the woman earns between the 40% and the 60% of the sum of partners earnings (Nock, 2001)); and (iii) woman main provider (i.e. the woman earns more than 60% of the sum of partners earnings (Atkinson and Boles, 1984)). We look at the distribution of these models in EU countries and at which individual and household characteristics are more likely to be associated to any of these models. We use data from the first wave of the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions, carried out in 14 European countries in 2004 (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal, and Sweden). This survey provides information at household and individual level, concerning demographic characteristics, educational and employment careers, and income. Among the possible income features, we prefer to focus on earnings, for representing the component that each partner decides to produce. We select a sub-sample of married and cohabiting couples, composed by partners aged 25-54 years, for representing the age group less likely to be inactive for education or retirement. We find that the traditional partners specialisation either in domestic or labour market activities, characterised by the husband-breadwinner and the wife devote to domestic work (Becker, 1991), has become less common, leaving room to dual-earner couples. But the diffusion of dual-earner model is strongly heterogeneous among EU countries. Northern European countries are characterized by a very small proportion of man-breadwinner households, while such a proportion is much higher in southern European countries (Pasqua, 2002). Particularly, in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, less than 10% of the selected couples adopt a man sole provider model. In contrast, Spain and Greece show more than 40% of couples belonging to this model, followed by Italy, Ireland and Luxembourg where such a percentage is higher than 30. We use logistic regression to investigate the association between some household and individual characteristics and the likelihood to be a man sole provider couple instead of a dual-earner one. We find that usually the youngest cohorts are less likely to adopt the man sole provider model. Woman’s educational level is strongly significant in all countries: if compared to women who have achieved a medium level of education (i.e. secondary school), those who have achieved a low level of education (i.e. up to primary school) are more likely to be in a man sole provider couple, while those who have achieved a high level of education (i.e. higher than secondary school) are less likely to do so. Thus women’s investments in education seem to be strongly related with the adoption of more gender equal economic roles. Cohabiting couples are significantly less likely to adopt a man sole provider model in most of the countries, while the presence of children in a pre-scholar age is always significantly associated with a higher likelihood to be in a man sole provider couple. Once the children age is controlled for, we notice that couples having children are less likely to take up a man sole provider model, if compared to couples without children. Broadly speaking, the presence of children seems to be positively related with woman’s decision of contributing to the couple earnings, possibly for the household need for economic resources. In order to provide a measure of the economical levels of the couples, we compute the quintiles of the household equivalised income distribution (household income includes all income components, and the quintiles are computed on the whole sample distribution). We notice that, if compared with the couples belonging to the richest quintile, the two lowest quintiles are much more likely to be associated with a man sole provider model of couple; in contrast couples belonging to the fourth quintile are less likely to adopt a man sole provider model. Roughly speaking, the traditional man sole provider model is more commonly adopted by the “poorest” and the “richest” couples. When we focus on dual-earner couples, we notice that the distribution of the three models we defined (i.e man main provider, equal providers and woman main provider) is not much heterogeneous among countries. Women’s contribution to the couple income is mostly secondary to that of their partner (Moen and Sweet, 2003): man main provider is adopted by a higher percentages of couples in all countries but Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, where the equal providers model appears slightly more frequent. The woman main provider model, instead, represents less than 16% of the selected subsample of couples in all countries. We use multinomial logistic regression to contrast (i) woman main provider against equal providers couples, and (ii) man main provider against equal providers couples. (i) The woman main provider model is hardly associated with woman’s cohort. Highly educated woman are more likely to be the main provider, and low educated woman are less likely to do so. Cohabiting couples are more likely to belong to the woman main provider model only in a few countries, while they do not usually behave differently from married couples. The presence of children in pre-scholar age, instead, is not significant in any country. If compared with the couples belonging to the richest quintile, those belonging to the poorest two are more likely to adopt the woman main provider model: possibly women play the role of the main provider when the partner has not achieved a good economic position. The third and forth quintiles, instead are less likely to adopt a woman main provider model instead of an equal providers one. (ii) As far as the man main provider model is concerned, this is usually not associated with the woman’s age. Also woman’s educational level is hardly significant, but in a few countries women highly educated are less likely to belong to a man main provider couple. The relative level of education, instead, has a stronger effect, showing that women more educated than their partner are less likely to be associated to this model in most of the countries.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we described the research procedure for this study. A research methodology is a research process adopted or employed to systematically and scientifically present the results of a study to the research audience viz. a vis, the study beneficiaries.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research designs are perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by the researcher whereby different components of the study are integrated in a logical manner to effectively address a research problem. In this study, the researcher employed the survey research design. This is due to the nature of the study whereby the opinion and views of people are sampled. According to Singleton & Straits, (2009), Survey research can use quantitative research strategies (e.g., using questionnaires with numerically rated items), qualitative research strategies (e.g., using open-ended questions), or both strategies (i.e., mixed methods). As it is often used to describe and explore human behaviour, surveys are therefore frequently used in social and psychological research.
POPULATION OF THE STUDY
According to Udoyen (2019), a study population is a group of elements or individuals as the case may be, who share similar characteristics. These similar features can include location, gender, age, sex or specific interest. The emphasis on study population is that it constitutes of individuals or elements that are homogeneous in description.
This study was carried to examine analysis of house hold income contribution among market women in Borno state. Selected families in Borno state form the population of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis of data derived through the questionnaire and key informant interview administered on the respondents in the study area. The analysis and interpretation were derived from the findings of the study. The data analysis depicts the simple frequency and percentage of the respondents as well as interpretation of the information gathered. A total of eighty (80) questionnaires were administered to respondents of which only seventy-seven (77) were returned and validated. This was due to irregular, incomplete and inappropriate responses to some questionnaire. For this study a total of 77 was validated for the analysis.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
It is important to ascertain that the objective of this study was to ascertain analysis of house hold income contribution among women in Borno state. In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented, critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in addressing the challenges of house hold income contribution among women in Borno state
Summary
This study was on analysis of house hold income contribution among women in Borno state. Two objectives were raised which included: To ascertain the contribution of market women in household income and to find out the important of women contributing to the household. The study adopted a survey research design and conveniently enrolled 80 participants in the study. A total of 77 responses were received and validated from the enrolled participants where all respondents were drawn from selected families in Borno State. Hypothesis was tested using Chi-Square statistical tool (SPSS).
Conclusion
The study reveal that the major reasons why women in the rural areas engage in income-generating ventures are: to improve their standard of living, provide for the family, become financially independent, personal interest, earn a living, and increase their self-esteem. This study also reveals that the major factors influencing women’s contribution to household expenditure were age, level of education, remittances, training on entrepreneurship and access to credit.
Recommendation
It is recommended that much support should be given by relevant agencies and ministries such as the Ministry of Women Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture, and so on, to women in the rural areas to boost their contributions to the economic welfare of their households. Areas of support should include training on enterpreneurship and provision of credit to women in the rural area. These will help the women in expanding their economic opportunities.
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