Analysis of Factor Influencing Material Wastage at Building Site in Enugu State
CHAPTER ONE
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The focus of this is to examine the factors influencing material wastage in building sites. Specifically the study is set
- To identify if there are wastages of material in building sites.
- To identify the most wasteful material produced during construction operations.
- To determine the most important factors that influence material waste production during construction work.
- To assess measures of minimizing construction material waste.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
Our focus in this chapter is to critically examine relevant literature that would assist in explaining the research problem and furthermore recognize the efforts of scholars who had previously contributed immensely to similar research. The chapter intends to deepen the understanding of the study and close the perceived gaps.
Precisely, the chapter will be considered in two sub-headings:
- Conceptual Framework
- Theoretical Framework and
- Empirical Studies
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The Construction Industry in Nigeria
In the first decade after independence in Nigeria, modern construction which was referred to as the temp was at a low ebb. Only urban areas had the modern constructions which were considered the seat of the government as it marked the change or transition in the nation’s growth. Hence, economic activities were on a low ebb owing to the 1967-1970 civil war. Wahab and Alake (2007) in their work stated that from 1971 and 1975, the company observed activities triggered by rehabilitation and re construction of programs incidental from the massive destruction in the course of the civil war. Property investment was largely trending, by 1974, the year’s growth in the industry was 269.40%. “In Nigeria in the late 60’s and early 70’s the oil boom witnessed the emergence of indigenous and foreign companies into the industry” (Ogunbiyi 1998). Conversely, there was a little drop in the industry development which got more obvious as years passed from 1976 to 1980. The Nigerian construction industry emerged from Public Works Department (PWD), it transited into the federal ministry of works. The three tiers of government, the local, state and federal award 70% of the construction contracts project while the remaining 30% is left in the hands of private section. “The construction company project plays a very important role in the economy of Nigeria”. Akindoyeni (2004) “states that in technologically advanced countries, 20% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is accounted for by the construction industry and which account for 12% of the labor force”. “He concluded that Nigeria is yet to reach the state of gladness over the issue, the company is still in charge of 61 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and hires up to 20 percent of the work force”. The pattern of process is seen as the most prevalent required in Nigeria. Indigenous contractors are described as such owned and controlled by Nigerians according to (Idoro 2007). He described expatriate as multinational contractor’s workers and private firm normally jointly owned by both a Nigerian and expatriates but mainly headed by expatriates. Oladapo (2007) states that the construction company in Nigeria is of two types, viz;: Organized formal sector and Unorganized information types. The organized formal sector consists of both foreign and indigenous industries, these are further grouped into large, medium and small firms in accordance with their levels of capitalism and yearly income.
MATERIAL WASTAGE
According to Ekanayake,& Ofori, (2004) any material apart from earth material which needs to be transported elsewhere to the construction sites or used within the construction site itself for the purpose of land filling, incineration, recycling, reusing, or composting rather than the intended specific purpose of the project due to material change excess non use, or noncompliance with the specifications or being a byproduct of the construction process is regarded as construction waste. Shen,& Tam, (2002) defined building material wastage as the difference between the value of materials delivered and accepted on site and those properly used as specified and accurately measured in the work after deducting the cost saving of substituted materials transferred elsewhere in which unnecessary cost and time may be increased by the material wastage.
Al-Hajj,& Hamani, K. (2011) see construction waste as the difference between what was purchased and what was actually used. Waste is any surplus or unwanted material persistently causing environmental issues and global warming Nagapan, S., Abdul-Rahman, I., Asmi, A., Memon, A.H. & Latif, I. 2012). Construction waste can have a significant impact on cost, time, quality and sustainability, and also on the success of projects [Nagapa et’al 2012].
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
AREA OF STUDY
Kaduna State (Hausa: Jihar Kaduna) is a state in northern Nigeria. The state capital is its namesake, the city of Kaduna, the 8th largest city in the country as of 2006. Created in 1967 as North-Central State, which also encompassed the modern Katsina State, Kaduna State achieved its current borders in 1987.
Zaria is a major city in Kaduna State in northern Nigeria, as well as being a Local Government Area. Formerly known as Zazzau, it was one of the original seven Hausa city-states. Today, it is known for housing Nigeria’s largest university, Ahmadu Bello University, as well as being home to a number of prominent Nigerians.
From the 2006 population census, Zaria was estimated to have 408,198 people. It is home to the Zazzau Emirate.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research designs are perceived to be an overall strategy adopted by the researcher whereby different components of the study are integrated in a logical manner to effectively address a research problem. In this study, the researcher employed the survey research design. This is due to the nature of the study whereby the opinion and views of people are sampled.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Introduction
This chapter present and analyzes data collated from the field survey. 30 questionnaires was issued to respondent found in uncompleted building sites in D-city Estate Zango, Zaria. However 27 questionnaires was returned and validate for the study. This is because most of the respondent were not able to complete the research questions as at the time of retrieval.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Introduction
This chapter summarizes the findings into the factors influences material wastage in building sites in Nigeria using D-city Estate Zango in Zaria local governement Kaduna as a case study.
Summary of the Study
The focus of the study examined the factors influencing material wastage in building sites.it identified if there are wastages of material in building sites.it identified the most wasteful material produced during construction operations.it suggested measures of minimizing construction material waste. Purposive sampling was used in the study as 27 workers comprising of contractors, site engineer, mason men and carpenters in building sites inside D-city Estate Zango form the population.Data was presented and analyzed using frequency and tables.
CONCLUSION
From the findings of the analysis of the perception of construction operatives and craftsmen, the study concludes that;
- The most wasteful material generated during construction activities are formwork from wood/timber, Mortar from Rendering/plastering, Blockwork and Brickwork and concrete
- The most important factors that influence material waste production during construction work area; Design (Frequent design changes and poor design), Poor materials storage system, Theft and vandalism, Poor site conditions, Poor strategy for waste minimization, Poor procurement management (wrong purchasing order – quality, number, time of order), Inclement weather, Poor materials handling on site, Poor and insufficient implementation of waste management plan, Poor quality and non-availability of equipment and Site Management.
- Measures of minimizing construction material waste are Proper site supervision and management techniques, Adequate storage of material, Staff training and awareness on waste management, Use of low waste technology, Proper procurement management, Just in time operations of works/delivery of materials, Proper implementation of Waste Management Plan, Employment of skilled workmen to carry out site operations, Mechanical handling of materials and Prefabrication of construction components off-site. I
- The most important benefits of material waste minimization are saving cost of disposal and transport, increased profits, save construction time loss, Protection of the environment, and Cleaner and safe site conditions.
- There is a significant statistical difference in the perceptions of the various groups of operatives and craft men regarding the most wasteful material produced during construction operations.
- There is no significant statistical difference in the perceptions of the various groups of operative and craft men concerning the factors affecting material waste and measures of minimizing construction material waste in construction
RECOMMENDATION
From the conclusion of this study, it is recommended that there should be improved and better storage and handling of materials delivered to site, a sale back contract should be entered with suppliers of building materials, there should be proper site supervision, materials control and security on site. Also, site operatives and craft men are aware of material waste generation and should be carried along in management decision regarding waste management plan development, as constitute the major stakeholders on sites.
REFERENCE
- Akinkurolere, O.O. and Franklin, S.O. (2005), Investigation into waste Management on Construction sites in South Western Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2(5), 980- 984.
- Al-Hajj, A. and Hamani, K. (2011), Material Waste in the UAE Construction Industry: Main Causes and Minimisation Practices. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 7(4), 221- 235.
- Al-Moghany, S.S. (2006), Managing and Minimising Construction Waste for Gaza Strip. Master’s Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Deanery of Graduate Studies, Construction Management Programme. The Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine.
- Bossink, B.A.G. and Brouwers, H.J.H. (1996), Construction Waste Quantification and Source Evaluation. ASCE Journal of Construction Engineering and Management.
- Alwi, S., Hampson, K., Mohamed, S. (1999). Investigation on the relationship between rework and Site Supervision in High Building construction in Indonesia. The second international conference on construction process reengineering.
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