An Evaluation of Industrial Emission Damage Function Regulation and Implimentation and Its Suitabilities in the Control of Air Pollution in the Nigeria Oil and Gas Industry (a Case Study of Eleme Peterochemical Industry Portharcort Rivers State)
CHAPTER ONE
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objectives of this element of industrial fire engineering in the prevention of fire haroccus are as below:
- To provide an orderly emergency response plan for all industrial workers.
- To ensure all exit routes, emergency staircases are not obstructed and can be used in an orderly fashion during emergencies.
- To ensure fast, organised and smooth evacuation of industry during emergencies.
- To train fire engineers and emergency evacuation officers to conduct their duties successfully.
- To test the working conditions and effectiveness of all fire and emergency equipment for all industrys in Imo State.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth’s ecosystems.
Indoor air pollution (see Airlog) and urban air quality are listed as two of the World’s Worst Toxic Pollution Problems in the 2008 Blacksmith InstituteWorld’s Worst Polluted Places report
Each pollutant has its own health risk profile, which makes summarizing all relevant information into a short chapter difficult. Nevertheless, public health practitioners and decision makers in developing countries need to be aware of the potential health risks caused by air and water pollution and to know where to find the more detailed information required to handle a specific situation. This chapter will not repeat the discussion about indoor air pollution caused by biomass burning and poor sanitation at the household level but it will focus on the problems caused by air pollution at the community, country, and global levels.
Estimates indicate that the proportion of the global burden of disease associated with environmental pollution hazards ranges from 23 percent (WHO-1997) to 30 percent (Smith, Corvalan, and Kjellstrom 1999). These estimates include infectious diseases related to drinking water, sanitation, and food hygiene; respiratory diseases related to severe indoor air pollution from biomass burning; and vectorborne diseases with a major environmental component, such as malaria. These three types of diseases each contribute approximately 6 percent to the updated estimate of the global burden of disease (WHO 2002).
As the World Health Organization (WHO) points out, outdoor air pollution contributes as much as 0.6 to 1.4 percent of the burden of disease in developing regions, and other pollution, such as lead in water, air, and soil, may contribute 0.9 percent (WHO 2002). These numbers may look small, but the contribution from most risk factors other than the “top 10” is within the 0.5 to 1.0 percent range (WHO 2002).
Because of space limitations, this chapter can give only selected examples of air and water pollution health concerns. Other information sources on environmental health include Yassi and others (2001) and the Web sites of or major reference works by WHO, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics (http://www.uneptie.org/); the International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO; http://www.unido.org/), and other relevant agencies.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The aim of this chapter is to briefly intimate the reader with various research designs used by the researchers. The term methodology is a system of explicit rules and procedures in which claims to knowledge are evaluated (Ojo, 2003)
Therefore, this section focuses on the research techniques adopted and used I this study with the aim of achieving the research objectives
Survey research design was chosen because the sample elements and the variable that are being studied are simply being observed as they are without making any attempt to control or manipulate them.
RESEARCH DESIGN
According to Bryman and Bell (2003) in the research work of Omoniyi (2011), it forms the framework of entire research process.
A good design will ensure that the information obtained is relevant to the research problem and that it was collected by objective and economic procedures.
According to Thomas and James (1983) in Omoni research work (2011), define it as the basic plan which guides the data collection and analysis phases of the research project. It is the framework which specifies the type of information to be collected, the sources of data and data collection procedures.
SOURCES OF DATA
This asks the question, how are they to be reached? The data above were collected using both primary and secondary source.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE CHAPTER
This chapter deals with the presentations, analysis and interpretation of the data collected.
The data collected will be used to answer the research questions and test the hypothesis.
DATA TABULATION
A total of 300 questionnaires were sent out to respondents and 300 questionnaires were filled and returned. The table below shows the data from respondents.
CHAPTER
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION
All said and done, pollution of any type, whether emanating from oil activities or non-oil activities, is a serious matter and must be confronted frontally. It has been shown in this unit that the world is now much more aware of the dangers posed by pollution on our lives. Many nation states, including Nigeria, have gone ahead to erect effective legal regimes in the form of laws and regulations to control and reduce this environmental menace. To these laws we shall turn to in subsequent units.
SUMMARY
It has been the principal aim and objective of this introductory unit of Module 1 of the second arm of this course, to explain and analyse the nature, causes, types and incidents of pollution in our environment. The terms “Pollution” and “Environment” have been presented in their statutory garb. It has also been seen that the protection of the environment from pollution is such an important matter that the Constitution, the supreme law of the land, recognises and guarantees it.
The effects of such pollution on the environment have been shown to include:
- Degradation of land, water and air.
- Adverse effect on the vegetation and ecosystem
- Reduction in the soil fertility and subsequent effect on agricultural yield.
- Destruction of aquatic life in the marine environment which has severely affected local fishing.
- Noise pollution in the form of excessive sound or music could pose danger to human health.
RECOMMENDATION
- The following are recommendation to reduce industrial emissions in petrochemical industries
- The Regulations, ACOP and guidance deal with:
- (a) preventing emission and explosions, and protecting people around the environment from the effects of any which do occur; and
- (b) securing effective response to environmental hazards caused by the emission
- These Regulations complement some other health and safety regulations in a number of areas. Specific interfaces are described under each regulation.
REFERENCES
- OLF Environmental Programme, Report Phase 1, Part A—Emissions to Air. OLF. December 1991.
- Chemical Treatments and Usage in Offshore Oil and Gas Production Systems. API, Offshore Effluent Guidelines Steering Committee. October 1989. Ed. C.M. Hudgins.
- Chemical Usage in North Sea Oil and Gas Production and Exploration Operations. OLF. (February 1991)
- Exploration and Production (E&P) Waste Management Guidelines. E&P Forum. September 1993. Report No. 2.58/196.
- The Impact of Water-Based Drilling Mud Discharges on the Environment. Industry and Environment Overview Series. UNEP Paris (1985).
- Cohen, L. & Speitel, G.E. (2001) Kinetics of aerobic cometabolism of chlorinated solvents. Biodegradation, 12, 105–126.
- Alvarez-Cohen, L. & McCarty, P.L. (1991) Product toxicity and cometabolic competitive inhibition modeling of chloroform and trichloroethylene transformation by resting methanotrophic resting cells. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 1031–1037.
