A Statistical Analysis of Reported Cases of Sexually Transmitted Disease in the Federal Medical Centre Umuahia (F.M.C) From 1995 – 2004
Chapter One
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
- To know how far people have known about existence of the sexually transmitted disease.
- To know whether the rate at which male are infected is the same at which the females are infected.\
- To recommend preventive measures on how to avoid contacting the sexually transmitted diseases and give appropriate treatment to avoid rapid spread of the deadly disease.
- To specify the age group that is mostly affected.
- Finally, the objective of this study is in picking the types of sexually transmitted diseases under study one by one and uses statistical methods predicting what their incidence rate will be in the year 2005 and 2006.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
TYPES OF STDS
In analyzing on the type of sexually transmitted disease, HOWARD, E. FREEMAN 1972:135: Said that we have more than six different types of sexually transmitted disease namely, trichomniasis, gonorrhoea, Urethirities, Chancroid, Granuloma Inguinali, Herpes, Lymph Granuloma Venereum, Syphilis and Aids.
According to R.T.D Emod, 1974:202; there are various types of sexually transmitted diseases which one contact from one person to another, such as syphilis, Gonorrhoea, Chancroid, Urethritis and Aids (Acquired Immune – Deficiency Syndrome) is a new dangerous disease that was noticed in the year 1981 at the United States of America.
According to Professor Oliokoye Ransome Kuti in HEALTH CARE MAGAZINE 1987:8; there are numerous types of sexually transmitted disease both known and unknown, because people suffer many diseases of which we (doctors) known they contracted it from sexual intercourse unlike AIDS, it is a newly known disease and there are many to be identified as time goes on.
In a research done by DR. F.U. Nweke at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital between 1982 – 1986 years. His study showed that there are numerous sexually transmitted diseases and among the studies urethrities has the highest reported cases of 83.
In analyzing on the type of sexually transmitted diseases Dr. A.U. Mbanuso at the Federal Medical Centre Umuahia between 1990 – 1993 years. In his study showed that syphilis and HIV/AIDS has the most reported cases in the hospital of 150 and 210 respectively.
CAUSES OF STDS
According to BERIC WRIGHT 1975:64; He said gonorrhea in Universal infection that affects all races. The organism that causes this diseases is the Neisseria gonorrhea, it is also called gonococcus gonorrhea can come with other vaginal infections such as trichomoniasis and candidacies.
In analyzing the causes of sexual transmitted disease DENNIS PHILIPS 1982:135 Commented that syphilis is a bacterial disease caused by treponemo palladium. Its incubation period (the period at which the germ of syphilis stays in the body without showing (symptoms) is 10 – 90 days.
In a report about the cause. Sexually transmitted disease: YOUR HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK MAGAZINE 1993:14 MR. NDUKA ODI said that chancroid is caused by a microscopic organism (germ) called themphius Dureyi, the period it hides inside the body before showing symptoms is usually 3 to seven days but can stay up to 10 days.
According to DUNHAM .E.C, JENSAR .M. AND CHRISTIE A.U. 1939:46. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a disease that makes the body of an infected person unable to fight off sickness, such as catarrh, diarrhoea, pheumonia, tuberculosis, measles etc. This incurable AIDS is caused by a virus called the Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV).
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
According to Dr. Leonnie Mcsweeney 1991:21 AIDS can be transmitted sexually from man to woman, from man to man and from woman to man. In practice however, the AIDS virus passes there to five times easily from man to woman them from woman to man.
YOUR HEALTH MAGAZINE 1986:34, Reported that of these syphilis and gonorrhea are the most important and are extremely common in many parts of the world. The spread of this disease is mainly by sexual contact but children may be born with syphilis, if their parents are infected with it. Children to born of a mother, who has gonorrhea, may develop very severe inflammation of the eye, during the act of birth. An infant may be infected from the parents with germ of syphilis at any time while it is still in the womb. If it does not die in the womb as a result of syphilis, it may show signs of this disease at any time birth on wards.
According to WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION 1992:2, Epidemiological studies throughout the whole world have shown that the mode of transmission of HIV infection are limited to sexual intercourse with HIV infection are limited to sexual intercourse with HIV infected people exposure to HIV infected blood and blood products and transmission from an HIV infected mother to her foctus. Most infections are acquired through sexual transmission. These modes of transmission are universal, not restricted to any region, culture or sexual orientation, the infection is not spread through ordinary contact at home.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF STDS
AFRICAN CONCORD 1987:20 Aids shows in various forms and patterns, there are very vague symptoms and there are specific symptoms; Headache, tidiness, fever, lack of concentration, weight lost, continuous cough, skin rashes are part of the vague symptoms commonly found in Aids. Others a re chronic diarrhea lasting for one month, bleeding from the anus, sudden appearance of lumps all over the body, persistent cough not responding to treatment, tumours.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND
SOURCES OF DATA
The type of data collection employed in this project is the type where records of all the reported cases of sexually transmitted disease under study had made available. In the medical records department in the Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Umuahia. The data was collected from secondary sources. The population size in this reported cases of the four types of sexually transmitted diseases under study from 1995 – 2004. The conclusion after the study will be used to generalize for the entire population. Even though there was no sampling size because the data was collected from a secondary source and not by a questionnaire or personal interview or any other way of obtaining primary data.
METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
There are many methods of analyzing data in statistics, but the major statistical methods that can be used in the data analysis are chi square test for independent one way analysis variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis.
Chi – square test was the only method use din this data analysis to test for the independent and dependent of the data arranged into an age group and sex.
The null hypothesis that there is no difference between age group this means that the incident rate of age group is the same, the alternative hypothesis is t hat the incident rate of age group differ which reconcile that the incident rate ae group is not the same. The one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) can used to compare the difference in age group and sex on the four types of sexually transmitted diseases, while the regression analysis is a statistical tool which helps to predict a dependent variable based on the nature of the relationship between them.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
The data is grouped according to sex and age from year 1995 – 2004.
AGE GROUP
OBSERVED FREQUENCIES
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY
The entire work/study talks about the full meaning of the STDS. The causes of the sexually transmitted diseases were found out to be virus and a bacterium’s which can be transmitted from one person to another predominantly through sexual contract. The introductory part emphasized the need for such a study and the benefits to individuals and the government. The scope of the study was also specified and Federal Medical Centre Umuahia (FMC) was used as a case study. One of the study done by Dr. A.U. Mbanaso at the Federal Medical Centre Umuahia 1990 – 1993. His result showed that the commonest sexually transmitted disease was HIV/AIDS and syphilis.
Furthermore, from the designed questionnaire we found out that many people have become aware of the existence of STD’s for the data collection used was a secondary data. The population size in this reported cases of the sexually transmitted diseases under study from 1995 – 2004, the result after study will be used to generalize for the entire population.
The major statistical model employed in the analysis of the data collection was chi-square which was used to the age group and sex. The test hypothesis for the age group shows the X2 cal > X2 tab. Therefore, we reject H0: and conclude that the sexually transmitted diseases under study are not dependent of sex.
CONCLUSION
From my findings, I noticed that people have come to know the existence of the sexually transmitted disease and how to keep away from the disease by taking an appropriate measure like making use of the condom when the need arises. Married people should trust each other and avoid cheating each other and unmarried couples should deceit from pre-marital sex because it is dangerous.
RECOMMENDATIONS
- Since urethras has more incidence rate of all types of STDS under study something has to be done by researchers on this type of disease to really known why both incidence rate is normally increasing. The incidence rate of gonorrhea is equally high and this should be noted by both researcher and F.M.C to see if the incidence rate can start decreasing.
- As a matter of urgency, federal government should establish an institute of venerology for man power training and also as a reference center for sexually transmitted disease.
- Each state in the country should provide facilities at their headquarters for reference services and for training of lower cadre manpower to serve in the Public Health Scheme (PHC).
- Health education should be compulsory as part of the curriculum of all post primary institutions.
REFERENCES
- JOURNAL Journal of the Nigeria Medical Rehabilitation therapists Vol. 2 No 4 December 1997 Media Printing Company Lagos.
- JOURNAL WEST AFRICAN Journal Medical Vol. 8. No 3 July – Sept 1989 Pp 27 Fine Print Ltd Lagos
- LEONIE MCSWEENEY Aids your responsibility first published in June 1991 by the Ambassador Publications PMB 2011 1 Peru Kema.
- EPHESIANS FAMILY Sexually Transmitted
- HEALTH EDUCATION Diseases and Aids, First
- MAGAZINE Publish July 1996. P.O Box 13668. African Weekly, 28 July 1987 No. 152.
