A proposal on work related Street, parenting styles and psychological adjustment of children of working class mother
CHAPTER ONE
Objective of the study
The following objectives will be assessed;
- To find out the effect of parenting styles on behavior of children of working class mother
- To find out the attitude of children of working class mother and children of nonworking class mother
- To find out whether parenting style influence psychological adjustment of children of working class mother
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Parenting Styles
Parenting style is one of the concepts that have been studied extensively in human development (Baldwin, Mcintyre, & Hardaway, 2007). It is considered an important determinant of several aspects of children’s outcome (Gadeyne, Ghesquiere, & Onghena, 2004). The notion have been related to children and adolescents’ academic achievement (Lamborn, Mounts, Steinberg, & Dornbusch, 1991), optimism (Baldwin, Mclntyre, & Hardaway, 2007), confidence (Strage & Brandt, 1999), motivation (Gonzalez & Wolters, 2006), externalizing problem behaviour and attention problems (Gadeyne, et al., 2004). Researchers have used different ways to conceptualize parenting. Baumrind (1996) views parenting as a combination of parental “demandingness” and “responsiveness” with respect to parent-child interactions. Demandingness is defined as high parental expectations for a child’s behaviours. Responsiveness on the other hand is defined as the parent’s prompt response to a child’s needs as well as acceptance and encouragement of the child’s point of view. When parents are high or low on these parental characteristics, it results in three parenting styles which include permissive parenting, authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting. Permissive parents are low on demandingness which means they are less concerned with whether the child follow norms for appropriate behaviour expectations but are highly responsive to the child’s needs. In contrast, an authoritarian parent is highly demanding and expects the child to follow strict behaviour rules without question but is less responsive to a child’s point of view. Lastly, an authoritative parent is highly demanding and expects appropriate child behaviour but is also highly responsive to the child’s needs and encourages the children to discuss their feelings (Baumrind, 1996).
CHAPTER THREE
Theoretical background
Bowlby (1958) attachment theory is adopted for this study. This theory advocates the importance of parental attachment to the development of the child. Bowlby in his theory identified four developmental stages of attachment behaviour to include – phase one (1) orientation and signal behaviour without discrimination of figures. Phase two (2) orientation and signal behaviour directed toward one or more discrimination of figures. Phase three (3) maintenance of proximity to a discriminatory individual by means of locomotion as well as by signals. Phase four (4) formation of reciprocal behaviour relationship. The theory is relevant to this work on the basis that attachment parenting seeks to create strong emotional bonds avoiding physical punishment and accomplishing discipline through interactions; and providing insight as to the influence on adolescents behaviour. While Elder (1962) structural variation of parenting styles adopt three primary variation of parenting children such as autocratic, equalitarian (accepting) and laissez-faire (permissive) parenting styles.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
The researcher used descriptive research survey design in building up this project work. The choice of this research design was considered appropriate because of its advantages of identifying attributes of a large population from a group of individuals. The design was suitable for the study as the study sought to work related Street, parenting styles and psychological adjustment of children of working class mother
METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
The researcher will employ oral and direct interview in administering this research questions. Responses from the respondents were needed unlike questionnaires, which is less rewarding due to late receipt and loss of responses from respondents. The method of data analysis that will be used by the researcher is the simple percentage. More so, percentage and degrees of the responses will also be used in the analysis. Here, the ratio of those whose responses were not in the affirmative will be found and conclusions will be drawn there upon. Representations of the level of responses will be made in tabular form. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software will be used to test the hypotheses.
References
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