A Proposal on Effects of Salt Water on the Characteristics Strength Concrete
Specificย Objectives
- To know the percentage increase or decrease of compressive strength between concrete mixed and cured with different concentration of salt in water
- To know the percentage increase or decrease of compressive strength between concrete mixed and cured by clean water and different concentration of salt in water
- To compare the rate of gaining of compressive strength between concrete cubes both mixed and cured by different concentration of salt water and clean
LITERATUREย REVIEW
Mixingย water
Water is an important constituent in concrete. It chemically reacts with cement (hydration) to produce the desired properties of concrete. Mixing water is the quantity of water that comes in contact with cement impacts slump of concrete and is used to determine the water to cement ratio (w/c) of the concrete mixture. Strength and durability of concrete is controlled to a large extent by its water cement ratio. Mixing water in concrete includes batch water measured and added to the mixer at the batch plant, ice, and free moisture on aggregates, water included in any significant quantityย with chemical admixtures, and water added after batching during delivery or at the jobsite. Waterย absorbedย byย aggregatesย isย excludedย fromย mixingย water.
Besides its quantity, the quality of mixing water used in concrete has important effects on fresh concrete properties, such as setting time and workability; it also has important effects on the strength and durability of hardened concrete.
Methodology
Mixย design
Mix design is the proportion of ingredients that would produce a workable concrete mix that is durable and of required strength and at a minimum cost.
Quality concrete: mix design of concrete is very helpful to achieve better strength, durability, homogenous and impervious structures by deciding the relative proportions of ingredients of concrete having in mind that the fresh concrete is workable.
Economyย ofย Cementย consumption:ย Dueย toย theย highย priceย ofย cementย mixย designย helpsย toย saveย cementย quantity and lower cement content also results in lower heat of hydration and hence reducesย shrinkageย cracks.
Bestย useย ofย availableย materials:ย Site conditions often restrict the quality and quantity of ingredient materials. Concrete mix design offers a lot of flexibility on type of aggregates to be used in the mix design. Mix design can give an economical solution based on the available materials if they meet the specified requirements. This can lead to save in transportation costs from longer distances
REFERENCES
- [1]. Abebe Dinku,construction materials laboratory manual, Rivers state university Department ofย civilย Engineering,ย Juneย 2002
- [2]. Abiduselam Hassen, Workshop practice and Excursion materials, unpublished lecture note,ย Wolloย University,ย 2010/2011.
- [3].ย Americanย Associationย ofย Stateย Highwayย andย Transportationย Officials,ย โStandardย Specificationsย for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing: part II โ Methods of Samplingย andย Testingโ,ย Thirteenthย Edition,ย AASHTO,ย 444ย Northย Capitolย St.,ย N.W.,ย Suiteย 225ย Washington,ย D.C.ย 20001,ย July1982
- [4].ย Americanย Concreteย Instituteย (ACI)ย โStandardย Practiceย forย Selectingย Proportionsย forย Normal,ย Heavyweight,ย andย Massย Concrete.โย ACIย 211.1-91,ย ACIย Committeeย 211,ย 2002
- [5].ย Americanย Concreteย Instituteย (ACI)ย โBuildingย codeย Requirementsย forย Structuralย Concrete.โย ACIย 318-08,ย ACIย Committeeย 318, 2008
- [6]. Akinsola Olufemi Emmanuel1, Fatokun Ajibola Oladipo1 & Ogunsanmi Olabode E2 , Journalย ofย Sustainableย Development,ย Investigationย ofย Salinityย Effectย onย Compressiveย Strengthย ofย Reinforcedย Concreteย ,ย vol.ย 5,ย No.6,ย Mayย 24,ย 2012.
- [7]. B.G.RAVI TEJA, effect of sodium chloride on compressive strength of concrete containingย sugarcaneย bagasseย ash,ย Gitamย University,ย Gitamย Instituteย ofย technology,ย 2014
- [8].ย Donaldย F.ย Griffinย andย Robertย L.ย Henry,ย Technicalย Repotย R306,ย Theย effectย ofย saltย inย concreteย onย compressiveย strength,ย waterย vaporย transmissionย andย corrosionย ofย reinforcingย steel,ย Julyย 22,ย 1964
- [9]. Dr. Nagabhushana1, Dharmarajย Hebbal2, Nitin Akash3 , Sย Deepak4, Mukesh Kumar5 ,ย Internationalย Researchย Journalย ofย Engineeringย andย Technologyย ,ย Effectย ofย Saltย Waterย onย Compressiveย Strengthย ofย Concreteย ,ย volumeย .04ย Issue:05ย Mayย 2017
- [10]. E.M. Mbadikea, A.U. Elinwab , Nigerian Journal of Technology, Effect of Salt Water in theย productionย ofย Concreteย ,ย Vol.ย 30,ย No.ย 2,ย Juneย 2011
- [11]. Nigerian Road Authority Manualย (ERA) โConcrete forย Structuresโ Standard Technicalย Specification-2002
- [12]. Falah M. Wegian, Journal of IES, Effect of seawater for mixing and curing on structural concrete, Vol. 3, No. 4, November 2010