Sex Determination From Normal Postero – Anterior Chest Radiographs of Adults in Gombe State, Nigeria
CHAPTER ONE
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Aim of the study
The aim of the present study is to radiologically evaluate the anatomy of normal postero- anterior chest radiographs of adults in Gombe.
Objectives of the study
The objectives of this study are to:
- Evaluate the radiological anatomy of adult in Gombe using normal posteroanterior chest
- Establish reference values for determination of sex from the dimensions of structures in the normal chest
- Investigate the radiological anatomy of adults in Gombe according to sex and age using normal posteroanterior chest radiographs
- Investigate the relationship between the scapula, clavicle, heart, and chest dimensions in sex determination using normal chest
- Investigate gender difference in the intervetebral disc shape in chest radiographs of normal Gombe
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
ChestRadiograph
The application of radiographs as a useful tool in sex assessment had earlier been reported by Adebisi and Singh, (2003).
The frontal chest radiograph (CR) is the most commonly requested plain film. The image is taken either as a ―PA‖ (posteroanterior) or as an ―AP‖ (anteroposterior), depending on the direction of the X-ray beam. The projection is usually marked on the film (Felson, 1973; Chan et al., 2000; Abiru et al., 2005; Naveed and Orlando, 2008).
A PA projection is the better quality film and allows the size and shape of the heart and mediastinum to be assessed accurately. This, of course, requires the patient to be reasonably mobile (Felson, 1973; Chan et al., 2000; Abiru et al., 2005; Naveed and Orlando, 2008). Since it is taken in an erect position.
However, in some patients, who are unable to be positioned for the PA view, the antero- posterior projection will sufficient. Occasionally, when the anatomical localization of lung abnormalities is difficult to discern, a lateral view of the chest will be requested (Felson, 1973; Chan et al., 2000; Abiru et al., 2005; Naveed and Orlando, 2008).
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS
The materials used are:
- Viewing box, Model 2960 Richard Wolf Co., Ltd, WA United State of
- 500 normal chest radiographs form Federal Medical center
- Meter rule, Model E09- series-1, Fiber- Glass Co. Ltd, Shaghai, China.
- Vanier caliper, Model number K131- 1115, Manufactured by Youfound Precistion Co., Ltd, Zhejiang, China
- Compass, Model number AH1205, Hangzhou Aihua stationary Co. Ltd., Shanghai China.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
Sexual Dimorphism Studies
Five hundred (500) chest radiographs of both males and females adults aged 18 to 85 years that were reported normal in the department of radiology Federal medical center Gombe were considered for this study.
These were composed of two hundred and fifty (250) males with a mean age of 43.38 ± 16.55 years and two hundred and fifty (250) females with a mean age of 39.28 ± 14.68 years.
Table 4.1 shows the number of subjects, means and standard deviation of all the parameters of the overall samples for males (n = 250) and females (n = 250). While table 4.2 shows the number of subjects the ranges of all the variable measured in males differently and for females differently.
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
SEX DETERMINATION USING ALL THE PARAMETERS
Sex difference in claviclar measurement
Length of clavicles
In the present study, it was discovered that the mean length of left clavicle (LLC) and length of right clavicles (LRC) in males were significantly higher than those of females left and right clavicles (LLC and LRC), which is the same in different age groups, this is because males have broader shoulder than females and the clavicles contribute to the breadth of the shoulder (Olivier, 1951; Shobha et al., 2011).
This result is in agreement with that of Patel et al. (2009) findings for the people of Gujarat, but their result for males mean length of left and right clavicles were 21.80 mm and 15.55 mm less than those of males of the present study and the female mean length of left and right clavicles were 23.59 mm and 18.82 mm less than those of females of the present study.
These result were supported by the result reported by Shobha et al. (2011) for the people of North Karnataka, but the mean length of males left and right clavicles were 19.90 mm and 15.55 mm less than those of males of the present study and the mean length of the females left and right clavicles were 17.77 mm and 13.02 mm less than those of the females of the present study.
These findings were also in agreement with that of (Udoaka and Nwokediuko 2013) for the people of southern Nigeria but their measurement for mean length of male clavicles were 7.88 mm less than the present result, and their measurement for the mean length of the females clavicles were 2.60 mm less than the present result. These variation in these findings marked the racial difference which may be observed even in closed related racial groups (Olivier 1951; Kaur et al., 2002).
CHAPTER SIX
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
This study revealed sex differences between males and females in all age levels from measurements of normal chest radiographs, which may be due to hormonal secretion during maturity and exposure to the physical activities. Although it is supported by various workers in the past, the difference between their parameters and present parameter indicates racial difference.
It has been shown that the length and mid-clavicular thickness of left and right clavicle differs sexually with males having longer and thicker clavicle than females. It was also found that the length and mid- clavicular thickness of the left and right clavicles varies in each sex with left longer but less thicker than right clavicles in both males and females sexes, which could be due to exposure to physical activities.
This study also identified that the height and width of left and right scapula revealed sexual difference with males having higher and wider scapula than females, also in both sexes; the height and width of the left scapulae are greater than right scapulae.
The thoracic dimensions (diameter) at the level T3, T5, T7 and T9 demonstrated positive sex determination with males having greater thoracic dimensions than females. Additionally, the height of left and right hemidiaphragm dome are greater in males than in females, in which the height of the left hemidiaphragm dome is greater in left side than in right side, which would due to presence of heart and sub- diaphragmatic structures.
It was also discover that the males have significantly greater cardiac dimension than females, which may be attributed to the difference in body size and exposure to physical activities between the sexes.
Conclusion
The present study has confirmed the accuracy of sex determination using measurements of different structures in the chest radiographs of adult population in Gombe in different age levels.
- This work established monogram for sex determination using measurements of some structures such as clavicle, scapula, heart and thoracic cage in posteroanterior chest radiographs of adults in Gombe, which could be applied in the identifying deceases that underwent beyond recognition by physical identification.
- It also confirmed the reliability of thoracic parameters for sex determination in case of forensic anthropological investigation where the skull and pelvic bones are fragmented or missing.
- It also revealed that sex can be assessed with a high degree of accuracy using other regions of the skeleton.
RECOMMENDATIONS
- There is need for further research for sex determination using normal chest radiographs for the other parts of the country in order to identify the variations in sex determination and ethnicity, since exposure to the physical activities affect the bone size, as the study is done using normal chest radiographs from Federal medical center (Federal Teaching hospital)
- There is need for further research on chest radiographs in case of disasters and forensic cases, and other circumstances in which other portion typically used to determine sex are not present or not adequately
- There is need for further research to the molecular level on bones around the thoracic region so as to have positive identification of a deceased for his family to have confirmation that is their relative that is dead in cases of manmade mass disasters, genocides or aircraft.
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